tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34939307537975096592024-03-04T22:40:10.345-06:00Sing me to HeavenA Compilation of Music and TheologyMusic Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.comBlogger151125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-23105461880221760252012-11-30T18:29:00.003-06:002012-11-30T18:29:37.586-06:00Tan Dun: Water Passion after Saint MatthewMy voice teacher had the incredible privilege of seeing the premier of this work in New York and mentioned it to us in Music History. Here is a link to a synopsis of the work by Tan Dun as well as video links to a performance by the University of Utah Singers.<br />
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<a href="http://www.tandunonline.com/compositions/Water-Passion-after-St-Matthew.html">Tan Dun's Water Passion after Saint Matthew</a><br />
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<br />Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-19795623306771857292012-10-07T09:15:00.001-05:002012-10-07T09:15:13.950-05:00Educational Philosophy pt. 1<u><b>Idealism</b></u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>5th century Greece</li>
<li>Sociological and Philosophical revolutions</li>
<li>Socrates</li>
<ul>
<li>Socratic Method</li>
<li>Thinking vs. Knowledge</li>
</ul>
<li>Plato</li>
<ul>
<li>of all things that really matter, Truth rests in the mind</li>
<li>Immortal forms</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Names</li>
<ol>
<li>Hegel, Emerson, Thoreau, Frobel</li>
</ol>
<li>Metaphysics</li>
<ol>
<li>The mental/spiritual world is ultimately REAL, not the "world of appearance"</li>
<li>The mental/spiritual world is permanent, eternal</li>
<li>The First cause, the Absolute, the Universal Mind and the Macrocosm (synonyms) </li>
<li>humans are a small part of this universal mind - microcosm</li>
</ol>
<li>Epistemology</li>
<ol>
<li>Truth is absolute and unchanging</li>
<li>Knowledge/truth is latent in a human's mind</li>
<li>The role of the teacher is to bring forth knowledge/truth</li>
<li>the goal for students is to develop a broad, unifying universal perspective</li>
<li>The curriculum is composed of the traditional disciplines with Theology and Philosophy at the top</li>
</ol>
<li>Axiology</li>
<ol>
<li>values are unchanging and applicable to all people at all times</li>
<li>The value heritage is transmitted through core classes</li>
<li>Great Classics</li>
</ol>
<li>Teacher/School</li>
<ol>
<li>The teacher is a model/vital agent in helping students realize their fullest potential</li>
<li>The teacher/school should expose students to the great people and great works of the past</li>
<li>the teacher draws out latent knowledge through Socratic questioning</li>
<li>The teacher/school should provide for the student's intellectual growth</li>
</ol>
</ol>
</div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-1515947102921398832012-09-20T13:41:00.000-05:002012-09-20T13:41:01.835-05:00Credo in Musica, pt. 6<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How will I be a reflective builder of community who continually evaluates the effects of
his/her actions on others and who actively seeks out opportunities to grow
professionally?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reflection
is a prerequisite for a well-examined life, and thus has immense benefits for
all persons and especially for teachers. I already engage in personal
reflection frequently by keeping a journal, but professionally I should expect
to also use reflection in order to judge my performance as a teacher. If a
class went well I should reflect on why it went well, how students were able to
succeed and think ahead to how I might repeat the level of success my class
just experienced. If my class did not do well on an assignment or an activity,
I also should reflect on why the experiment did not succeed. I must be able to dissect
all the components which led to a failed lesson and prepare future lessons that
are planned to approach difficulties in a new way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
most important goal for my learning community is a love of music. Musicianship
comes second with repertoire a close third. Broken down, a love of music is my
personal goal for all of my students, but it is something I cannot teach. I can
only encourage it by teaching understanding, knowledge and realization of
music. My lessons will be structured with this goal in mind, and I when I
reflect on my teaching experiences I will evaluate them based on their
proximity to this goal. I will hold my students to a high standard for
performance and acquisition of knowledge, but I hold myself to an even higher
standard as their teacher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Part
of reflection is takes place after a lesson has concluded, but a great deal of
it happens in the classroom. Being a “with-it” teacher means being aware of
everything going on in my classroom at any given moment, and if a lesson or
activity is not going well I need to flexible enough to analyze and assess the
situation on the go. At every moment of the lesson I need to be tuned in to how
well my students are doing and make accommodations, changing one aspect and
inserting another. I need to be walking among my students and asking them
questions at all times, paying attention to the subtle clues in the class
environment and in student behavior. By doing this, I can better tailor my
instruction to my students without having to waste any time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">One
of the best suggestions I have been given in my preparation as a teacher is
that I should choose a mentor teacher, or even several mentor teachers, and
continue to learn from them throughout my teaching career. I know that I learn
the most through dialogue, and I know that having a mentor teacher will constantly
inspire me to grow professionally into the kind of teacher I want to be. Technological
advancements are always changing and a good way to make sure that I am growing
professionally is to make sure that I am capable of using and implementing the
new resources in my classroom. I also intend to be very active in music conferences,
expand my certifications into new music educational methods. I hope someday to
go on and get my masters, perhaps even a doctorate, in choral conducting and I
will always take voice lessons, no matter where I am. If I involve myself in
the local opera company or professional choral group I will also continue to
grow as a professional music educator. I also want to be involved in music at
summer camps as well as give private lessons to students and the general
public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Occasionally,
in order to settle myself and do a more formal reflection, I will go on a
retreat just to remove myself from pressure and stress, give myself time to
rest and meditate on my life. Silent retreats are especially good for major
life discernments. Having a good selection of literature to read and discuss in
groups with fellow teachers is also a tool I have used in the past to reflect
on my educational philosophy, and I intend to subscribe to educational and
musical journals. I have the great blessing of wise and caring friends in whom
I can confide my ideas. They help me reflect on my goals and experiences and
will tell me when something sounds ill-prepared or not thought through. Video
recording is also a marvelous way to witness my teaching through a completely
factual lens. I hope to bring my peers into my classroom so that they can help
me evaluate my teaching strategies and lend me their wisdom. Keeping a
professional reflection journal is also a wonderful way to articulate my
thoughts on paper and provide a written account to which I can refer for future
lesson planning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
am naturally a very passionate person, and I live by the motto that if anything
is worth doing it is worth doing well. Therefore, by my very disposition I
think my superiors and fellow teachers can be certain that if they give me a
job I will do it and I will carry it out with excellence. I am one to neither
procrastinate nor make excuses for a poorly done work, and if I do make mistakes
I am quick to ask forgiveness and try again. I do view music and teaching as
vocations. I believe that I am taking on a great responsibility by becoming a
music teacher, and I am committed to doing my very best. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-86164887240367477912012-09-20T13:02:00.001-05:002012-09-20T13:02:25.807-05:00Meine Leben<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">My
name is Katherine Suzanne Maria Bittner, born of Norbert and Barbara on August
6<sup>th</sup>, 1991. I am the eldest of six siblings and was baptized and
raised Roman Catholic since infancy. My closest sibling is my sister, Rachael,
followed by four younger brothers; Nathan, Daniel, Matthew and Peter. Since I
was old enough to do so I have helped my mother, a Pediatrician, to care for
and raise my younger siblings, especially when she went back to work during my
high-school years. This responsibility created in me a great seriousness and
sense of accountability for younger children and gave me the skills I needed to
care for my siblings. It also gave me a good work-ethic and prompted me to
enter the work force at a young age.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> My education has shaped my
intellectual and emotional development profoundly. I went to St. Mark’s
Catholic Grade school from first to fifth grade and was home-schooled during
sixth grade due to bullying problems. At seventh grade I enrolled at Trinity
School at River Ridge, a two-time Blue Ribbon Award for Excellence school, and
my experiences at Trinity have shaped what I believe the ideal curriculum and
musical program should be in high school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> I took piano for seven years in
grade school, was involved in dance and gymnastics in middle school and played
volleyball in junior high and high school. I took recorder in seventh and
eighth grade and it has remained a personal passion of mine ever since. In high
school I was involved in art, drama, Latin club, speech club, Chamber Choir and
Concert Chorale and took voice lessons from David Jorlett. I participated in
the state music competitions and received one excellence rating and three
superior ratings. I also participated in the National Right to Life Oratory
Contest and took first place at the regional level and fifth place at the state
level. In college I have been involved in Concert Chorale, Concert Band, swing
dance, art competitions, ministry, Jam for the Lamb, tutoring, and was named
President of Chamber Singers in the fall of 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Almost all of my work experiences
have been involved with caring for and serving others. My first formal job at
fifteen was as a junior counselor at Servant Camp, a church camp in Minnesota
where I helped care for the youngest group of children at the camp. In 2007 at
sixteen I took a long-term position as a dining and activity aid at Minnesota
Masonic homes. That summer I also served as a PCA for a young woman with
Downs-Syndrome and helped take care of her, received her at home from her summer
classes, and fed her. After coming to Benedictine I took a summer position in
2011 at Interlochen Arts Acadamy as a counselor and lifeguard. I served St.
Mark’s Lutheran church in Atchison as its choir director for the spring
semester of 2012 and that summer I served as a cook at Prairie Star Ranch of
the Archdiocese of Kansas City, Kansas. Since the fall of 2011 I have served at
Benedictine College as a music tutor and as a life-guard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> My interactions with children have
taken place all around the United States. In Minnesota my work as a junior
counselor, a mentor at St. Mark’s Catholic Church, and as a PCA all concerned
children. In Kansas I have observed at Atchison High school, the Middle school,
the Alternative High school, the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of Atchison, Atchison
Catholic Elementary and the children in the choir at St. Mark’s Lutheran as
well as when I served as a cook at Prairie Star Ranch. In Missouri I have
observed at West Platte Elementary. In Columbus Ohio I have also observed at
St. Mary’s Catholic Grade School, St. Francis de Salles High School, Our Lady
of Peace Catholic School and Immaculate Conception.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> As a person, I am an incurably
artistic character who finds no greater satisfaction in life than in the
creation and admiration of beauty. Since early childhood I have been involved
in music, art, drama, sewing, pottery and every form of art known to
civilization. My philosophy of life may be summed up as a search for beauty,
pure and endless beauty. My faith is an integral part of my self-concept; so
much so that neither can I remember a time without belief nor imagine a future
without it. It shapes how I think, what I do and how I do it. Differences of opinion
and world-view, however, are not hard at all for me to accept and work with;
indeed I relish the opportunity and have had much experience working with
diversity at Minnesota Masonic homes and at Interlochen Arts Acadamy. I
consider music and teaching to be vocations to which I am called. I intend to
devote my life to teaching music to people of all ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-38391238116402082512012-09-20T13:00:00.002-05:002012-09-20T13:00:28.408-05:00Credo in Musica pt. 5<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">How will I plan and assesses
instruction based upon knowledge of subject matter, students, the community and
curriculum goals.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Planning
and assessing music instruction is a complex process. Every day, at every
moment of my teaching career, I will have to demonstrate my theoretical and
practical knowledge of music. There will never come a time when I will cease
being a musician in my classroom; modeling, accompanying, describing,
conducting and rehearsal will form the majority of my classroom experience. My
students will learn through imitation of my methods at first, but after they
get past the period of imitation the will begin to synthesize their knowledge
and create their own music. To prepare my students for the development of true
musicianship, I must have a goal for their growth and a plan by which I may
achieve this growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lesson
planning will be essential to me, not only so that I have a goal for what I
want to teach my students, but also as a comprehensive and thorough plan for
how to bring about the synthesis of that knowledge. One teacher advised me that
it is impossible to over plan a lesson, and the more resources I can pull out
at the drop of a hat, the better the flow of a class will be. When preparing at
the beginning of the school year I will not have the benefit of knowing my
students and their abilities and interests, but I can plan out what I want to
teach and the direction I wish the course to proceed in. After planning the skeleton
of the school year or semester, I can begin to fill it in with the meat and
sinews of specific activities, which I will modify according to the needs of
the present moment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">My
lessons will, of course, be shaped not only by my interests and goals, but by
the needs and interests of my students. Students connect immediately to that
which they already know and understand, and thus a good method of arresting
student interest is to present them with the material I want to teach them in a
format they already recognize, such as teaching musical form using a popular
song or doing music history reports on bands they grew up with. If I have
certain students who need more hands-on learning experiences, I can modify my
lesson plans to afford them those opportunities. If my students are struggling
with a concept, it should be an easy thing for me to insert some practice
worksheets or learning activities into the class period or substitute one
activity for another. If need be, the benefit of long-term planning will help
me to adjust the course schedule so that we spend all the time we need to on a
given subject.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
facilitate fruitful planning, during the class period I must be attentive to
how my students are doing. Every music teacher I observed was constantly asking
their students questions to determine how much learning was going on. For
example, I can ask students to name the key signature of the piece we are about
to play and have competitions to see who can answer first. I want to keep the flow
of teaching in my class fairly quick so that students are engaged in the
activities I present, and one way of speeding up the learning pace is frequent
repetition of material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
maximize student potential it is important that students know if they are
succeeding in my classroom. Lesson planning will allow me the great aid of an
organized school year or semester, into which I can place systematic
assessment. In most group performance classes, assessment is immediate for the
ensemble, and in solo lessons it is much the same. The formative and summative
assessments are performances given to me or to the community, and feedback on
performances and lessons is immediate. For academic music classes, I shall have
to provide ways for my students to reveal their knowledge in more intellectual
ways. I like having quizzes every day both to encourage students to do the
readings assigned for class and so that I know how much information students
are deriving from the homework. I must make a commitment to grade theses
quizzes daily so that my students know immediately how much learning they are
accomplishing and determine if they need to exercise additional effort to
understand the material better.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
genuinely appreciate having standards to which I can mold my curriculum and
plan my instruction. I have the unfortunate tendency to get caught up in those
aspects of music at which I excel, and having standards which span a great deal
of music’s expansive breadth compels me to devote appropriate amounts of time
to those avenues of music with which I am less familiar or do not enjoy as
much. Not only will standards provide me with a skeleton on which to base my
lesson plan, but they also motivate me to keep my lessons moving at an engaging
pace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">My
lesson plans will certainly be affected by the school’s expectations for the
music curriculum. For example, if there has been a spring concert every year
prior to my appointment, the school will expect that I prepare the ensembles
for the concert. Thus, time will be spent in class learning performance
repertoire and techniques applicable to those pieces. If the school pushes many
performances, much of the intellectual and emotional side of music must be
taught through performance medium I will have to dive into a piece with a
greater deal of depth in order to glean
theoretical and historical context for the sake of my students. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Music
naturally lends itself to multiple means of assessment. Portfolios,
performance, written tests, projects, and essays are all common place in any
given music class. Music can be grasped in a hundred different ways, both
intellectually and technically, and students will all have their chance to
shine at the level and through the means that they know best. At the same time,
students will be required to learn how to articulate their knowledge of music
in ways that are not as natural to them, and by doing so gain great expressive
knowledge. A more philosophical or intellectual child will be able to
communicate their knowledge through music history essays and theory tests, but
they will also have to apply their knowledge on their instruments and through
projects specific to a unit. If I make a true effort to prepare my lessons
well, I am certain all of my students will be able to succeed in my classroom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-6734131332504441722012-09-20T08:54:00.000-05:002012-09-20T08:54:02.886-05:00Credo in Musica pt. 4<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How will I respect and promote diversity while creating instructional opportunities that meet the
needs of students from diverse cultural backgrounds and those with
exceptionalities?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Music
has been called a universal language, and for good reason. Persons in all times
and all places have some kind of musical culture with which they express their
beliefs and their unique way of life. All of my students come to my class
bringing with them their own unique cultures, and to arrive at the universality
of beauty in music, I must pass through the subjective worldview and
understanding of my students. This does not mean that I wish to change or
ignore the differences in my students; on the contrary, each unique individual
brings a new means of understanding and creating music, like each facet on a
diamond catching and reflecting the light. I truly desire to have an incredibly
diverse classroom, for the benefit of every student in the class and for my own
enlightenment and continual growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
hope to encourage diversity in the student body and also in the materials they
learn. One criticism of classical music is its focus on the Western Classical
tradition to the point of almost total exclusion of all other musical
heritages. I wish to expand my course in a little more breadth in order to
understand how musical cultures from around the world have developed and how
the shaping of music history has shaped human culture. I hope also that a more
universal approach to music will encourage students to be proud of their own
unique heritages and embrace music as a means to celebrate diversity in
communion with others. Music has the wonderful ability to facilitate individual
growth and diversity while moving towards a common goal. Music is its own aim,
and students from all backgrounds and all methods of thought can subvert their
individual differences and disagreements in order to create beauty together. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Having
grown up in a very culturally inclusive environment in the Twin Cities, I am
rather knowledgeable with regards to students of other cultures and
ethnicities. In my work at Minnesota Masonic Homes, I was an ethnic minority
among a Kenyan, Somalian, Taiwanese and Hmong Majority. The experience of being
an ethnic minority helped me learn how to work and form friendships with people
of vastly different backgrounds. Before my studies at Benedictine my experience
with students of low socioeconomic status and exceptionalities was limited, but
it was not absent from my life entirely. I know firsthand the complexities that
take place in teaching children with Aspergers Syndrome and Downs Syndrome and
I learned what it meant to really care sacrificially for people as I cared for
those experiencing the difficulties of Alzheimer’s. I have learned to love and
genuinely appreciate persons I know with severe Dyslexia and make
accommodations for them in my daily life. My classes at Benedictine have also
given me much preparatory knowledge of how to teach through exceptionalities
and taught me to embrace them with enthusiasm. I still have much to learn, but
I am fully confident that, whatever a student’s exceptionality, they can excel
in my music classroom with ease. Socioeconomic considerations are the furthest
from my area of expertise, but given the knowledge I have gained at Benedictine
and in the Atchison community, I see no reason why students cannot succeed in my
music classes based on socioeconomic status. Indeed, I fully expect students
from all over the wealth spectrum to exceed in my classroom, regardless of
their parent’s income or other factors. If students needs extra lessons and
can’t afford them, I can always work out a special arrangement that caters to
their needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
insure that my assessments and my interactions with students are free of bias,
I must first understand the students as well as I possibly can. I must have
good relationships with my students in order to understand where they come
from, where they wish to go, and how I might help them to get there. Constant
and honest self-reflection will also aid me in determining if I have been
biased in the attention paid to certain students, or not devoting enough time
to those who need my help, and lesson planning will help me to structure my
teaching strategies so that I am taking the needs of all students into account.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">For
example, when I break my students up into groups, I need to take the unique
qualities of my students into account. In the general music curriculum, or in
classes with an academic focus such as music history or theory, I must be sure
to group students in ways that account for each other’s weaknesses and
strengths. Since group work in performing ensembles is determined by section or
instrument, ability grouping is not really an option. I do intend to assign
members of different sections into small groups for rehearsal purposes which
will be planned according to how many students I have in the various sections,
which I will also augment with a mixture of ability and achievement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">All
of my learning activities should be structured in such a way that I can meet
student needs, but I should also be ready to meet student interests and let
them make their own choices. In the general music class all of my students will
have to learn to play all of the instruments we use in class, but after they
have proved proficient on each instrument, then they can choose an instrument
to major in for the rest of the semester. In music history students can choose
a topic to write an essay about, in theory they will write their own
compositions and performing ensembles choose their own instruments.
Improvisation is also a beautiful and instructive method for students to both
learn and express their unique understanding of music, a method I wish to
stress in my classroom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Music
adapts itself very well to diversity, and thus I tend to see diversity as a
great advantage in the classroom. The only real difficulties I could see in
having great diversity in my classroom is the incredibly rare case of a child
with true amusia or an extreme spectrum of musical aptitude. Culture, language,
mental and physical disabilities pose challenges but all of those can be easily
overcome in the music classroom. Should I require that my students attend
musical concerts and write reviews of the concert, students in low SES
situations can attend some of the multitudinous musical venues that are free,
students with dyslexia or blindness may aurally dictate their review to me, and
any other accommodations a student may need can still fulfill the requirements
for the assignment. I feel well prepared to help all of my students succeed, no
matter their exceptionalities or unique capabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
must not, however, think that because I consider myself knowledgeable I can
stop learning how better to adapt my teaching strategy. I am personally
fascinated by different cultures and I am always looking to understand more
about cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. It only makes sense that the
more I know and understand about different cultures, socioeconomic statuses and
exceptionalities, the better I can connect with my students and present the
information I am teaching in a more effective manner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-83575838581047521652012-09-19T11:51:00.001-05:002012-09-19T11:51:32.318-05:00Credo in Musica pt. 3<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How will I use practices which nurture the whole child/ adolescent within the learning
community?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
am committed by my regard for music as a vocation to be dedicated to student
success, not just academically, but also personally. Music naturally nurtures
the well-being of all people, but it is also an acquired skill which must
develop over time and requires that the student be open to learn. To facilitate
the development of musical abilities, therefore, I have an increased obligation
to the development of the cognitive, emotional and physical capabilities of my
students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
be successful as a music teacher, it is imperative that I form positive,
personal relationships with all of my students. Thomas Aquinas spoke of the
teacher as <i>moral exemplar</i>, and I
agree that the teacher serves their students first and foremost by modeling the
behaviors they wish to see in their students. Students will not respect me as a
teacher if I am hypocritical, or if I act in a manner not befitting my dignity
as a teacher. I must be warm and friendly, but professional. Parents are
ineffective in discipline if their children view them as peers, and I believe
the same can be said for teachers. As a teacher, if I make clear to my students
what I expect of them in the classroom, then I can begin to make good and
productive relationships with them within those boundaries. I must also be
careful to build positive relationships with the parents of my students if I
wish to have any genuine success with the children. What good will my efforts
to instill a love of music be if what I do is not reinforced at home? Parents,
especially in the younger years, hold the key to their child’s heart and mind,
thus to build a good relationship with a student, I must also build a good
relationship with their parents. Most importantly, I must care about my
students as individuals and let them know that I care about them. The teacher
as mentor and guide is most effective when a relationship of mutual affection
exists between the student and the teacher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Consistent
with the idea of teacher as the role model, I can encourage my students to do
their best by giving my best at the very outset. Giving of my time and talent,
laying everything down on the line for them right away will ideally inspire my
students to do likewise. Similarly, when mutual affection exists between
teacher and student, students wish to do well in order to look good for the
teacher. I intend to lavish praise upon my students for their achievements and
will do my best to give as little attention as possible to misbehavior. I want
my students to learn how to look for attention and recognition in an uplifting
manner so that they will be less likely to look for approval</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">from misbehavior or by goofing off.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The atmosphere in my classroom will, of course
be determined in part by the personalities of my students, but I as a teacher
have immense control over the learning environment. If I exercise that power to
affect a positive learning environment I will enable students to succeed more
in my subject area and to develop personally. I have found that if I wish to
build up those around me, one of the easiest and most successful ways to do so
is to have a positive outlook and a cheerful disposition. My personality
thrives off of arguments and loves a good battle of wits, but I have learned to
relinquish my preferences because most people feel threatened by intense
intellectual arguments. My ideal classroom atmosphere is not musical bootcamp.
The best kind of teacher is a balance between the disciplinarian and the
psychologist; someone who fosters the growth of the whole person of each
individual as well as stimulating them to grow beyond their current mindset.
The student must come first, not perfection or accuracy, and thus my criticisms
must be given in gentleness, my discipline with patience and my reprimands with
a healthy dash of humor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> I genuinely believe that if I am doing
everything I can, all of my students will be able to learn in my classroom. Students
who learn musically and bodily-kinesthetically have an immediate advantage in
music, but music can be easily grasped by all intelligences and learning
styles. Music theory is a language and is logical-mathematical. Music is both
interpersonal and intrapersonal and thinking about music with any depth appeals
directly to the existential intelligence. Spatial and naturalistic
intelligences will have the most difficulty in relating to music from a
superficial encounter, but music is an experience natural to all places and
times and involves a great deal of spatial recognition. Personal with spatial
recognition will be able to read and understand the spatial dimensions of
musical notation easily, and naturalists will have a great deal of fun making
music out of the natural environment, such as making a drum out of a bucket or
creating a glass harmonica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Being successful as a teacher also includes
adapting my material and my methods to the age of my students. Their
developmental level sets the parameters for what and how much I can teach them.
For example, if I am trying to teach a song to a group of kindergarteners, I
cannot rely on notes or formal notation or even an ability to read. I will have
to rely on a kinesthetic approach to teaching music through most of a child’s
time in elementary and middle school while laying the foundations for a
theoretical and abstract examination of music in high school. Since I will be
certified to teach kindergarten through twelfth grade, I must always keep in
mind the developmental level of different groups so that I do not lump all my
instruction together, boring the elder students and loosing younger groups
entirely. This will be a true test of my knowledge of music, being able to
demonstrate the subject in a hundred different ways and express it in a
thousand different metaphors. It will be challenging, but if I care about my
students, no challenge will be too difficult or exhausting. The joy of seeing
the lights go on behind my students’ eyes will be all the fuel I need to keep the
fire of my passion going.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-59666305168219759022012-09-19T08:22:00.004-05:002012-09-19T08:22:39.059-05:00Credo in Musica pt. 2<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">How will I build partnerships
with students, colleagues, families and community groups to enhance
communication and learning?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A
music teacher is a music advocate and usually the driving force behind any
support the arts receive at the school. Music has an inherently social function
and thus we find it at a focal point of community. If I want to be successful
in building a great music program at my school, I first need to build
partnerships with my students and their families, foster mutual cooperation and
understanding with my co-workers and have a good, working relationship with my
administration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">My
best allies in advocating my music program will be the relationships I have
built with my students and their families. When students and their parents have
invested interest in my program, the school will be more likely to support the
arts in their community. To build this partnership, I intend to make a personal
commitment to getting to know each one of my students and communicate constantly
with them and their parents. My syllabus will have to be signed by both the
student and their parents, as will all of their tests, and they will need
permission slips to attend concerts. I will call parents right from the start,
facilitate regular parent-teacher meetings and try to form friendships with the
parents outside their child’s success. When there is support from the home, I
can succeed in developing within my students a sense of wonder and a depth of
inquiry into music, but without this support nothing I teach will be reinforced
or condoned. I will make every effort to encourage parent involvement in class
projects and in performance venues, such as selling tickets to a musical or
providing refreshment after a concert. The more families are on my side, the
more successful I will be.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">My
co-workers, if I take the time to build positive relationships with them, will
be my constant companions and advocates. Personally, I must make a commitment
to be a good co-worker myself and constantly extend the laurel wreath of
friendship to all my associates, no matter how differently we may view matters.
I must also have a genuine interest in their subject matter and collaborate
with them to optimize student learning across disciplines. In this teachers
have an obligation for the sake of their students to build collaborative
relationships. Music can offer contextual augmentation to any field of study,
including history, physics, math English and foreign language, etc. The
physical education teachers and coaches immediately benefit from having a pep-band
and collaboration between the athletic and arts departments can be especially valuable.
School communities are much more pleasant places to live and work if everyone
is doing their part to get along and support the common mission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Music educators and administration have a long
and bitter history, one that I hope ends with me. I myself have vilified
administrators and found their lack of enthusiasm for the arts cause to eschew
their presence. This trend must cease if I wish to accomplish anything with the
music program. In my role as music advocate I will constantly be playing the
political game for resources and performance opportunities for my children.
Patience will be indispensible for me as I gently but firmly try to remove any
obstacles in the path of student success, especially with administrators who
are skeptical at best about the real value of music compared to test scores and
school accreditation. The fruit of the relationships I have built with
students, their families and my fellow teachers will show themselves at the
moments I wish to advocate the music program. A personal testimony is hard to
argue with, and those prior relationships will make the difference between
victory and defeat. I must seek to build good relationships with my
administrators as well. I should ideally comet to see the principal, board
members, and other school administrators as good friends and allies and get to
know them individually as people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Once I have paved the way for my students by
setting up working relationships in the community, music can extend beyond my
classroom walls and into the school and larger community. Performance
opportunities such as pep-band and musicals are the most immediate means to
involve them in the larger school community in the life of the arts, and
collaboration between different subject areas such as history, art, or dance
can be quite fruitful. For example, if the school should host a medieval banquet,
the recorder ensemble which I fully intend to have in my program will be able
to provide genuinely period entertainment for the “lords and ladies” present.
Similarly, nothing brightens up the Christmas spirit like caroling parties,
whether traveling from class to class in a school spirit of the holidays or
outside the school traveling from house to house in the neighborhood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
expect to involve my students in the larger community through philanthropic
projects, such as singing or playing at nursing homes and performance funds can
be donated to charitable causes. Having a thriving musical life is healthy for
any community, offering a level of cultural refinement and giving students
uplifting extra-curricular activities to keep them occupied and out of trouble.
People want to be touched by beauty. Singing or playing with excellence can
reach a person’s heart like nothing else, and part of my duty as a music
teacher is to facilitate the exchange of wonder and delight that takes place
between performer and audience in a performance setting. I want to be a part of
the greater community, and I want the community to participate in the life of
the arts in its school. As a music educator, I will be hard pressed to fill all
the roles that come with that status. I must be open to welcoming any help
parents and fellow musicians wish to give me. The teachers at ACES have been an
inspiration to me in how a teacher can adapt college students as aids to
bolster the curriculum and fill classroom needs. I may not be so fortunate as
to have people offering their help, and thus I must be prepared to go out and
humble myself by asking for help. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
can also be an advocate for music in the way I present myself and my craft. If
I array myself with dignity and professionalism, the school and community will
be more likely to treat my work with dignity and honor. I have always
maintained a very high level of professionalism in my dress and in my
mannerisms, though sometimes my tendencies err on the side of artistic
expressionism. I also act with decorum among my fellow teachers and my
superiors, though I occasionally must make an effort to curb my tongue least I
become insubordinate in the face of a disagreement. To be a professional music
educator, I must continue to develop within myself a readiness to serve and a
humble disposition. A musician is a servant, though I cringe at the word, and
we offer our services to humanity as a labor of love. When one gives a gift, it
is customary to present the gift wrapped in a bright array of ribbon and
ceremony. My gift to the world is my life as a music teacher, and it is the
least I can do to array my gift with all the dignity it and its receivers
deserve. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-34381442284118069892012-09-19T08:20:00.003-05:002012-09-19T08:20:58.674-05:00Credo in Musica pt. 1<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How will I use my understanding
of communication and human behavior to create a classroom community that
fosters positive social interaction, collaboration and active inquiry?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I believe that teaching
is not just a career or a role one fills in life but a vocation, a calling with
heavy responsibilities. The teacher owes these responsibilities not only to the
students in his or her class, but also to the parents, the school and the
larger community in which the student lives. The teacher must, therefore, be a
builder of community at every level to which he or she is accountable, offering
his or her very best at all times and in all places.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
know from the outset that wherever I teach, my standards for classroom behavior
will be quite high. This is not to say that I want an army of technicians who
leave their personalities and differences at the door, but if I wish to get any
learning or performing done, I must set the bar high and offer every
opportunity for my students to surpass it. My rules and expectations will be
stated quite clearly at the beginning of the school year, and I will put a
graduated system of discipline in place, so that I can curb destructive
behavior in the least obtrusive manner possible. The most useful tool for encouraging
learning behavior and eschewing distracting tendencies is to involve students
in a high-involvement learning environment. Music has both aesthetic and a
paraxial dimensions and to fully understand music one needs a good grasp of
both. Thus it is in my best interests to make sure that a great deal of
hands-on learning takes place at all times. I intend to engage the optimum
number of students at a time at any given moment and in any situation. In
choir, band, or orchestra, when I am focusing on a particular section I will
expect the other sections to be following along in their music, marking their
score and applying what I say to the other section to their own musical line.
Any expectations I make will, of course, be made known to my students at the
start of the school year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Building
a positive classroom environment is essential before one can even think of
approaching the subject matter. Bullying, which I take to mean any form of
communication, verbal, physical or otherwise, which demeans any person, will
not be tolerated. I intend to make it clear to my students at the outset that
negative humor is no joking matter to me, and will not take place in my
classroom. There will be a large plaque in my room that reads, “If you can’t
say anything nice, don’t say anything at all.” Of course, I will have to model
this behavior in myself, which I know to be a challenge for me. Criticism must
always be preceded with an encouraging focus on what the student or choir did
right, and must also be given in a true spirit of charity. Then, and only then,
will my students both accept my criticism of their performance and have a
desire to do what I ask of them. My respect for them and their person and my
expectation that they will treat themselves and each other with respect will be
most effective in insuring a positive and productive learning environment.
Student interaction is a given in a group musical setting. Indeed, without
student collaboration, no music aside from solo repertoire could ever happen.
Mutual affection and amiability are necessities to making sure my classes run
smoothly and effectively, thus, I will employ many methods such as name games
and retreats to help students get to know one another. I will also voice place,
or chair place, in order to discourage the formation of cliques, and I will
assign quartets, or small groups, to branch relationships across sections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
most powerful project musicians can employ to build community is performance.
Nothing unifies a group of people so well as performing together, whether the
group is as small as soloist and accompanist or as large as a grand performing
ensemble. People share their selves in performance and unite to make something beautiful;
therefore I wish to stress performance opportunities in my classroom. As I
stated above, music is both aesthetic and paraxial. I wish to encourage the
development of the aesthetic through the paraxial, and by doing so I teach
music and unite persons at the same time. Performing for their peers in class
develops individual musicianship and confidence as well as addressing key
technical issues through the medium of a master class. Performing in small
ensembles such as string quartets and barber-shop groups enable students to
form close relationships and raise the standard of artistic excellence. Playing
for school sporting events, pep-rallies, or other school-wide events will not
only encourage my students to perform well and to do their best in class, but
will be a unifying force for the school. Nothing contributes more to the energy
of a crowd than a live pep-band playing for their team. This will also,
hopefully, foster mutual understanding and appreciation between the various
departments of the school, especially between musician and athletes. In
addition, the school community will ideally come to see music as an
approachable and attractive way of life, one which is very dear to them. The
benefits of such an arrangement cannot be overstated. Formal concerts, in which
the students dress up and perform standards of their respective repertoire,
also bring the school together and have a chance to make money for the school,
if they wish to charge an admission fee. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Performance in public concerts and
participation in national or regional festivals additionally bring together members
of the larger community. As is apparent whenever a school concert takes place,
parents flock to see their children perform, and it is a delightful thing to
behold when parents have a reason to shower their child with pride in his or
her achievements. The town or community usually rallies around a concert,
especially if it is well advertized, and success in competition gives the
community reason to be proud of their school and support its involvement in the
arts. This success brings with it touring opportunities, which advances the
school’s reputation and brings in additional support from increasingly larger
communities. The students themselves benefit greatly from performance
opportunities and the long-range goals of competition and travel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-11605605438640069562012-09-02T15:47:00.002-05:002012-09-02T15:47:27.962-05:00The Musical Life of Worship in the Early ChurchThe early monastic communities literally spent most of the day in prayer, not only in the sacrifice of the Mass/Divine Liturgy and the Divine Office, but also in the peace of meditation.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>The Mass</b></div>
<div>
As the focal point of Christian Worship, monks and layperson alike sought to pay homage to the Mass by offering the greatest sacrifice of their time and talents in the most beautiful manner for "only the best is pleasing to God." The splendid churches and Cathedrals wherein the Mass was celebrated was extraordinarily well decorated, and the music sought to portray the sublime simplicity of the mystery it proclaimed.</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There are texts for the Mass which do not change, called <i>Ordinary</i>, and texts which change according to the day, called <i>Proper</i>. I have drawn attention to them where they come, but you can also identify them by their name. Ordinary texts are named according to the first words of the prayer, whereas the Proper texts are named according to their function, i.e. Offertory. All the sung parts of the Mass are in bold, and all the spoken parts are in italics.</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the format of the Mass, the priest processes in a cloud of incense as the choir sings the <b>introit</b>, a chanted psalm which changed according to the day. Once all the servers are in place, the choir intones the nine-fold <b>Kyrie</b>, a plea in Greek for the most Holy Trinity to have mercy on us. On Sundays and great feasts that do not fall in Advent or Lent, the <b>Gloria/ Greater Doxology </b>follows, which is a song of praise to God calling for mercy and again confessing belief in the Trinity. The priest then makes a prayer for all present, the <i>collect</i>, and after this, the Liturgy of the Word begins. The subdeacon intones the daily <i>Epistle </i>(letter from the apostles) and the choir responds with a <b>Gradual</b>, which contains texts from the psalms proper to that particular day. The choir then proclaims the <b>Alleluia </b>to preclude the joyous reading from the <i>Gospel</i> of the life Christ, though during Lent, the happy Alleluia is omitted to draw attention to the solemn nature of the season, when it is replaced by a <b>Tract</b>. Should the choir wish to supplement the Alleluia, they would add a <b>sequence</b>, or a <b>jubiulus </b>as a form of extra devotion. After the deacon intones the Gospel, the congregation listens to instruction and meditations on the readings from the priest, known as the <i>sermon</i>, concluding the Liturgy of the Word with the <b>Credo</b>, a statement of belief sung by the choir and prayed by all.</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At this point, all who did not profess the fullness of Catholic belief or were not in a state of sanctifying grace had to leave for the Liturgy of the Eucharist. As the priest prepared the bread and wine for the consecration, the choir sang the <b>Offertory</b>, with text drawing attention to the celebration of that particular day. After the <i>secret</i>, a prayer of unworthiness said silently by the priest, and a dialogue between priest and congregation known as the <i>Preface</i>, the choir proclaims <b>Sanctus</b>, holy. The priest then speaks the words of consecration known as the <i>Canon</i> and all the people pray the <i>Pater Noster,</i> the Our Father, after which the choir sings the <b>Agnus Dei</b>, calling attention to Christ's role as the sacrificial lamb who redeemed us from our sins by the shedding of his innocent blood. During communion, the choir sings the <b>Communion</b> psalms, which are again proper to that day, after which the priest intones the <i>Postcommunion</i> prayer and sends the congregation forth with <b>Ite, missa est</b> (go, you are dismissed).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The music of the Mass, up until the travesty which was the free interpretation of the texts from the Second Vatican Counsel, was always chant. Texts for the Mass were gathered into books known as the <i>Missal</i>, and the music was contained in a separate anthology called the <i>Gradual</i>. An excellent rendition of the chants for a Mass may be found in the Mass for Christmas Day, of which, here is the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp-fWQxbtq0">Introit</a>. </div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There were three ways one could perform chant in the Medieval Ages</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Responsories - a soloist alternating with the choir or congregation</li>
<li>Antiphons - two halves of the choir alternating</li>
<li>Direct - singing a text straight</li>
</ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Likewise, there are three styles of setting Mass texts to the music</div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Syllabic - chants in which almost every syllable has a note</li>
<li>Neumatic - chants in which syllables can have up to seven notes</li>
<li>Melismatic - chants with long passages on a single syllable</li>
</ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The purpose of chant was to proclaim the words of the Mass, to aid in the worship of the community, not distract from it. </div>
</div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-20367528412033043742012-09-02T15:45:00.000-05:002012-09-02T15:45:40.052-05:00National Styles of the 16th Century<b>Italy</b><br />
- lyrical melodies, mostly step-wise motion<br />
- primarily syllabic treatment of text<br />
- rise of the madrigal tied to the poetic form of Petrachan sonnets<br />
- composed lighter kinds of songs.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>villanella: lively strophic piece in homophonic style, usually for three voices</li>
<li>canzonetta and balletto: written in vivacious, homophonic style, with simple harmonies and repeated phrases with dance-like rhythms</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>French</b><br />
- Structure<br />
- rhythmic interest<br />
- frequent syncopation, angular countertenor line and leaps<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>English</b><br />
- sweetly concordant sonorities (3rds and 6ths)<br />
- carefully controlled dissonance<br />
- triadic figuresMusic Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-69170876152903324332012-09-02T15:44:00.003-05:002012-09-02T15:50:13.142-05:00Pre-Classical Styles in Music<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Two of the most popular musical styles of 18th century Europe were the Italian </span><i style="line-height: 200%;">gallant</i><span style="line-height: 200%;"> style and the German </span><i style="line-height: 200%;">empfindsamer Stil</i><span style="line-height: 200%;">, or "sentimental"</span><i style="line-height: 200%;"> </i><span style="line-height: 200%;">style. The </span><i style="line-height: 200%;">gallant</i><span style="line-height: 200%;"> style, characterized by free-moving, song-like melodies with simple harmonic progressions and straight-forward organization, was the most popular and received its name from the French term from the courtly manner in literature. The </span><i style="line-height: 200%;">galant </i><span style="line-height: 200%;">style was </span><span style="line-height: 32px;">synonymous</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> with all things modern, chic, and sophisticated. In contrast, the <i>emphindsam</i> style was marked by surprising turns of harmony, eclectic rhythm, increased chromaticism and a lyrical melody.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">La
Serva Padrona</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, an Intermezzo by Giovanni Battista
Pergolesi, is a decent example of the popular 18<sup>th</sup> century <i>gallant</i> style. The recitative, “Ah,
quanto mi sta male” is set over light accompaniment and simple harmony with
short, lyrical phrases. The accompaniment becomes more and more agitated to
express the growing consternation Uberto, the singer, feels during the aria,
evidenced by the figure in measure 18 which transposes and quickens in
subsequent measures. The aria “Son imbroglato io” features small repeated
figures in the accompaniment that combine to become the ABA form of a da capo
aria. Characteristic of the <i>gallant</i>
style, the aria features contrasting moods as opposed to the Baroque arias
which centered on a single humor. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> C.P.E. Bach, one of the leading exponents of
the <i>empfindsam</i> style, exhibited traits
specific to that compositional discipline in the second movement of his <i>Sonata in A Major</i>, Poco adagio. The
section features a lyrical line embellished with many ornamentations such as
turns, chromatic neighbor groups, snaps and trills. The ornamentation here,
unlike in Baroque opera, serves as means of expression, not just vain
embellishment, and lends an air of meaning to every cadential turn. The rhythm
of the piece changes rapidly, contributing to a sense of unpredictability and
restlessness, while remaining grounded in sequential repetition. The harmony
and melody are also characteristically spotted with nonharmonic tones and
subtle chromatic changes which spice the piece and give it a more dramatic
quality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-30157321644461872702012-09-02T15:15:00.000-05:002012-09-02T15:19:36.024-05:00Poem of the Day<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Show Me</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Audrey Assad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">You could plant me like a tree beside a river </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">You could tangle me in soil and let my roots run wild </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And I would blossom like a flower in the desert </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But for now just let me cry </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> You could raise me like a banner in a battle </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Put victory like a fire behind my shining eyes </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And I would drift like falling snow over the embers </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But for now just let me lie </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Bind up these broken bones </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mercy bend and breathe me back to life</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> But not before You show me how to die </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Set me like a star before the morning </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Like a song that steals the darkness from a world asleep </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And I'll illuminate the path You've laid before me </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But for now just let me be </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Bind up these broken bones </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mercy bend and breathe me back to life </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But not before You show me how to die </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Oh, not before You show me how to die </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> So let me go like a leaf upon the water </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Let me brave the wild currents flowing to the sea </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And I will disappear into a deeper beauty </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But for now just stay with me </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">God, for now just stay with me</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ao6lAZ1k7tE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-75175332246928050922012-05-06T14:55:00.002-05:002012-05-06T14:55:29.444-05:00SolidaritySolidarity: The glue that holds people together in social institutions<br />
<br />
Emile Durkheim (1893-1933) was a sociologist interested in how societies managed to unify their members with shared values and other bonds. He called this unity <b>social integration</b>, the degree to which members of a group or society feel united.<br />
<br />
For small units he proposed an answer in <b>mechanical solidarity</b>, a shared consciousness that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks. This kind of solidarity can only take place in small and relatively undeveloped communities. There is usually little difference between members of the society and they share many ideals and engage in similar behaviors.<br />
<br />
As social groups grow, they specialize divisions of labor. The industrial revolution was the driving force for most of today's divisions in labor, and as a result, people no longer depend on each other for similar values and ideas. Rather, persons are dependent on each other to fill the specific role in society they do. Durkheim called this new form of solidarity <b>organic solidarity</b>.<br />
<br />
Ferdinand Tonnies used the terms <b>Gemeinshaft</b><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i>and <b>Gesellshaft</b> to describe this fundamental shift in working relationships. <i>Gemeinshaft </i>communities, such as the Amish, focus on personal ties, kinship connections and lifelong friendships. These have been mostly crowded out today by the short-term, individualistic and self-interested associations which characterize <i>Gesellshaft </i>communities.<br />
<br />
Solidarity is fostered through interdependence, whether the interdependence of shared ideals and values in a pre-Industrial revolution society or the material interdependence of roles people experience in an impersonal, industrial society.Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-57521785686951518352012-05-06T14:20:00.002-05:002012-05-06T14:20:33.349-05:00Global Stratification: World System TheoryIn 1974 Immanuel Wallerstin first proposed an alternative explanation of global stratification to the colonial theory of the 19th century. According to this theory, industrialization was the key which led to four groupings of nations: core nations, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areal.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The first group, the <i>core nations</i>, were the nations that industrialized first and which grew rich and powerful. These nations include Britian, France, Holland, and later Germany</li>
<li>The second group, the <i>semi-periphery</i>, are nations located in the Mediterranean who were originally quite wealthy, but their economy stagnated because of dependence on trade with the core nations.</li>
<li>The third group, the <i>periphery</i>, are the eastern European countries who sold cash crops to the core nations.</li>
<li>Lastly, the <i>external area</i>, are those nations which were left completely out of the early development of capitalism. This includes mostly Africa and Asia, though modern developments of the economy have changed that dynamic.</li>
</ul>
<div>
The <b>globalization of capitalism</b> has created a network of relationships between national economies. Production and trade in one country are affected by social upheaval or trade policy in another and whatever happens to one nation has consequences for the rest of the world. We are now part of a <i>World system</i>.</div>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-22436980395963369332012-05-06T14:03:00.000-05:002012-05-06T14:03:06.058-05:00Sociology Study Guide<b><u>Definition of Sociology:</u> </b>The scientific study of human groups and institutions.<br />
<br />
<u><b>3 Sociological Perspectives</b></u><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>Structural-Functionalism</li>
<li>Symbolic Interactionist</li>
<li>Conflict Theorist</li>
</ol>
<div>
Applied to Deviance</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Functionalists point out that deviance, including criminal acts, is functional for society. Functions include affirming norms and promoting social unity and social change. According to <b>strain theory</b>, societies socialize their members into desiring <b>cultural goals</b>. Many people are unable to achieve these goals in a socially acceptable manner, i.e. by <b>institutionalized means</b>. <i>Deviants</i>, are people who either give up on societal goals or use disapproved means to attain them. Merton identified five types of responses to cultural goals and institutionalized means: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. <b>Illegitimate opportunity theory</b> stresses that some people have easier access to illegal means of achieving societal goals.</li>
<li>Symbolic interactionists have developed several theories to explain deviance such as <b>crime</b> (the violation of legalized norms). According to <b>differential association theory</b>, people learn to deviate by associating with others. According to <b>control theory</b>, each of us is propelled toward deviance, but most of us conform because of an effective system of inner an outer controls. People with less effective controls deviate. <b>Labeling theory</b> focuses on how labels help funnel people into or divert them away from deviance. People who commit deviant acts usually use <b>techniques of neutralization</b> to deflect social norms.</li>
<li>Conflict theorists take the position that the group in power imposes its definitions of deviance on other groups. From this perspective the law is an instrument of oppression used by the powerful to maintain their position of privilege. The ruling class uses the <b>criminal justice system</b> to punish the crimes of the poor while diverting its own criminal activities away from the public eye.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u><b>The 4 components of Non-Material Culture</b></u></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Language</li>
<li>Beliefs</li>
<li>Values</li>
<li>Norms</li>
<ol>
<li>example: Value: Marriage supported by marital laws, a Norm</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div>
<u><b>5 Types of Societies and the means of transition</b></u></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Hunter/Gatherer</li>
<ol>
<li>transformed by an ideology: the earth belongs to us</li>
</ol>
<li>Horticultural/Pastoral</li>
<ol>
<li>transformed by a tool: the Plow</li>
</ol>
<li>Agricultural society</li>
<ol>
<li>transformed by an invention: the Steam Engine</li>
</ol>
<li>Industrial Society</li>
<ol>
<li>transformed by an invention: the Microchip</li>
</ol>
<li>Post industrial</li>
</ol>
<div>
Agricultural society = Dawn of Civilization</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>specialization of Labor</li>
<li>development of cities and social institutions</li>
</ul>
<div>
Industrial Society = Birth of Sociology</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>rapid change causing anxiety over social solidarity</li>
<li>science seen as having all the answers</li>
<li>sociology = interest in changes in society + scientific method</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u><b>Sociological Contributors</b></u></div>
</div>
<div>
<b>Max Weber</b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>interested in how authority is exercised and legitimized</li>
<li>Emphasized the need to look for subjective meanings (he called this "Verstehen") and introduced the notion of</li>
<li>Ideal types (the use of typologies in understanding social phenomenon)</li>
<li>Major work: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b>Emile Durkheim</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>structure-functionalist</li>
<li>First to conduct real scientific research on suicide and solidarity</li>
<ul>
<li>mechanical solidarity</li>
<ul>
<li>the ties that bind people in a pre-Industrial Revolution society</li>
<li>characterized by shared values and strong social relationships</li>
</ul>
<li>Organic solidarity</li>
<ul>
<li>the interdependence that holds people together in a very complex, impersonal society</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<div>
<b>Karl Marx</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Utopian thinker who theorized about the nature, movement, and predicted demise of capitalism</li>
<li>influential in launching Conflict perspective</li>
<li>Co-Authored (w/ Fredrick Engels) "The Communist Manifesto"</li>
<li>Other major work: "Das Kapital" (a major criticism of capitalism)</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u><b>Population Theories</b></u></div>
</div>
<div>
<i>Malthusian </i></div>
<div>
- Population and food are a problem. </div>
<div>
Solution is starvation, population will curb itself</div>
<div>
<i>Neo-Malthusian </i></div>
<div>
- Population and resources are a problem. </div>
<div>
Solution is birth control.</div>
<div>
<i>Demographic Transition Theory </i></div>
<div>
- Population and space are a problem. </div>
<div>
Solution is birth control.</div>
<div>
<i>Modernization Theory</i></div>
<div>
- Population and technology are a problem.</div>
<div>
Solution is to modernize the world.</div>
<div>
<i>Neo-Marxist </i></div>
<div>
- Distribution of resources, waste, political corruption and instability, and access and utilization of resources are problems, not population. </div>
<div>
Solution: redistribution, political stability, stewardship</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>Demographic Transition</u></b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>transition from high birth rate and death rates to low birth rates and death rates</li>
<li>some cultures do not move through this transition because of the momentum of cultural and structural forces that continue to value children as a blessing (not an "economic liability")</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u><b>Socialization:</b></u> Process by which we learn the norms of society and abide by them according to our statuses and roles.</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Agents of socialization: social forces influencing individual</li>
<li>Status: position in society individuals fill</li>
<li>Role: behavior expected of a status</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-92060377157380006462012-05-06T13:27:00.003-05:002012-05-06T13:27:47.773-05:00The Rise and Fall of Mozarabic Chant<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Iberian Peninsula is home to the
convergence of many different traditions. The Strait of Gibraltar guards the
Mediterranean and is the meeting place of Europe and Africa. Ambitious
expeditions to the new world by Columbus spread the culture and traditions of
the Spanish people to the Western Hemisphere, and interactions with the Moslem
invaders served to gather together influences from across the entire globe. The
peoples of the Iberian Peninsula cultivated a rich pagan tradition that developed
through the influence of Christian missionaries into the Mozarabic chants of the
eighth through the eleventh centuries <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765963"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig64 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Relations of Spanish Folk Song to the Gregorian Chant, 1964)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. What transformed
sacred Spanish music from its pagan roots into the predominantly Gregorian
tradition of the seventeenth century? These sacred musical practices did not
develop in an isolated manner, but were altered, enriched and eventually exterminated
by the cultural expectations of their conquerors, especially those of the Latin
Church. The first wave of influence on the native traditions of Spain was
Hellenistic, brought by the Greek, Carthaginian, and Roman colonists <w:sdt citation="t" id="625813"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
The second wave took place before and after the fall of Rome by the spread of
Christianity, aided greatly by the rule of the Visigoths from 312 to 711 <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765964"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The06 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Mozarabic Rite, 1906)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. Sacred music
experienced an upheaval during the conquest and rule of the Moors from 711 to
the recapture of Toledo by the northern Christians in 1085, but little or no
evidence of its influence on chant can be conclusively deciphered <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765867"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Car58 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Parrish, 1958)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The main Moorish
influence on the Spanish sacred musical tradition is the name “Mozarab,” a term
referring to the Christians who did not flee or convert to Islam <w:sdt citation="t" id="625814"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RPG28 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Prado, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
The last wave of influence on the sacred tradition of Spanish music was the
reconquest of Spain by Christian forces in 1085. This <i>Reconquista</i> was the final and most drastic transformation of sacred
music. No longer concerned with correcting liturgical abuses, this final
invasion by the northern Christians served to usurp the place of organic sacred
traditions with Gregorian chants. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The sacred music of ancient Spain
revolved around rhythms and instruments most suited for dance, which they used
in worship of the moon and other natural deities <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765965"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ann72 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Livermore, 1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. Evidence of pre-Greek musical
instruments are found in the cave paintings of Aigues Vives, which depict
perforated shells used as wind instruments, and of Cuento de la Mina, where
there are paintings of animal horns, perhaps used both as wind and as
percussion instruments <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765966"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
The influence of dance did not fade from sacred ceremonies until the late sixth
century, when the Council of Toledo forbade dancing and singing ‘unholy songs’
during the liturgy <w:sdt citation="t" id="625817"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the 14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. Greek colonists
expanded upon the ancient musical traditions of the time and introduced Greek
musical theory and instruments, and the later Roman conquerors continued the
exposure to classical musical traditions, which spread the influence of Greek
musical theory to further reaches of the Iberian Peninsula <w:sdt citation="t" id="1063991"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
The Greek colonists erected ports on the southeastern and northern coasts,
especially in the regions of Cantabria and Galicia, where the ruins of temples
to Diana give testament to the presence of sacred Greek music <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765967"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ann72 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Livermore, 1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. A large lyre at
Merida, known as Mercury’s great lyre, was placed in the temple dedicated to
him, and ceramic illustrations depict instrumentalists playing the double aulos
and a horn or <i>tropa</i>.<w:sdt citation="t" id="192765968"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> CITATION Ann72 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Livermore,
1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>
Carthaginian influences can be seen in more ceramic illustrations of dance
ceremonies from the 5<sup>th</sup> century B.C. <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765865"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ann72 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Livermore, 1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. When the Roman conquerors marched into
Hispania, they established a system of mutual enrichment. Spain herself
contributed many poets, philosophers, and even emperors to the Roman kingdom,
while Rome brought their vast technological advances and military practices as
well as their art and architecture <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765969"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
“In the south of Spain musical history begins with a quotation from Martial and
the dances of the <i>saltatrices</i> of
Cadiz – <i>de Gadibus improbis puellae</i> –
famous in Rome in the second and third centuries.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
His contemporary, Quintillianus, also stressed the use of dance rhythms and
classical instruments such as the pipe and the lyre <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765866"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The colonies
established by the classical empires brought not only classical theory and
philosophy, but also contributed to the collection of instruments. Sacred music
in Spain continued to draw from these influences, especially rhythmic
foundations, well into the 10<sup>th</sup> century <w:sdt citation="t" id="307806221"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> During the fourth century, Spain
experienced their own “twilight of the gods” as Christianity spread its sacred
practices abroad. The influx of Christianity transformed the prior sacred
traditions through their experience with Ambrosian, Gallican and Old Roman
chant. Before the fall of Rome, the Christian influence in Spain was already
widespread. Christian missionaries were on the move to the western reaches of
the Roman Empire by 167, and after the Edict of Milan in 313 an explosion of
conversion took place throughout Europe. One of the first Gnostic missionaries,
Priscillius, kept most of the pagan practices of the native people and set
religious texts to originally pagan melodies <w:sdt citation="t" id="1363454"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Priscillianist tunes and dances exerted influences on future devotional hymns
and chants and acquired a more devotional character as they were gradually
freed from pagan and sometimes phallic imagery <w:sdt citation="t" id="307806220"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Church officials attempted to purge liturgical music of pagan influences during
the Council of Lugo in 571 <w:sdt citation="t" id="1063989"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>,
though dancing and the use of instruments continued to be present in the early
Spanish liturgy until the sixth century at the third Council of Toledo <w:sdt citation="t" id="1063988"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig64 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Relations of Spanish Folk Song to the
Gregorian Chant, 1964)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. In addition to the pagan roots of this
music, Latin influences on early sacred repertoire exist as early as the fifth
century as evidenced in the martyr poems of Prudentius <w:sdt citation="t" id="4203767"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Rut47 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Messenger, 1947)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> As the Visigoths spread and
solidified their empire, they gradually assimilated into the culture and the religion
of the Catholic populace. Originally adherents of the Arian heresy, the
Visigoths officially reconciled to the Church at the third Council of Toledo in
589 <w:sdt citation="t" id="307806219"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the 14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. It was during the
period of Visigothic rule that the three centers of musical culture developed:
Seville, Toledo, and Saragossa <w:sdt citation="t" id="625819"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mic07 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Huglo, 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
The Hispano-Gothic chants, precursors to the Mozarabic chants, developed during
this time through the often direct action of liturgists and members of church
hierarchy. The brothers St. Leander and St. Isidore, musicians and successive
archbishops, were responsible for the initial musical developments in Seville <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765872"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the
14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. St. Leander and his contemporaries
were especially important because of the influences they brought with them from
sojourns in Constantinople and because of the many compositions credited to
them. St. Isidore summarized the musical theories of Cassiodorus, themselves
the intellectual offspring of Aristoxenos, in the monumental work <i>Etymologiae </i><w:sdt citation="t" id="192765971"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gil41 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Chase, 1941)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Book III of the <i>Etymologiae</i> consists
primarily of writings on musical practices and its place in philosophy.
Isidore’s <i>De ecclesiasticis officiis</i>
deals exclusively with sacred musical practices, including hymns and psalmody <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765970"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mic07 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Huglo, 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. In Toledo, St.
Eugene codified the liturgical chants, as St. Gregory did with Roman chant. For
this reason, chants from this time (Hispano-Gothic) are commonly referred to as
Eugenian chants <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765871"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ann72 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Livermore, 1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is easy to surmise the influence of
other western chants on Hispano-Gothic chant when comparing manuscripts from Hispanic,
Gallican and Ambrosian sources. Similarities in chant melodies across
Ambrosian, Gallican and Hispano-Gothic chant may be observed by comparing the
notation of the introit “Sitientes” which appears in the Mozarabic <i>Liber Ordinum</i> of Silos, a manuscript of
St. Gall and the <i>Antiphonarium</i> of
Montpellier <w:sdt citation="t" id="1063985"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RPG28 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Prado, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. For example, “at the median of the verse
there is only a short rest without melodic formula, exactly as in Ambrosian
psalmody.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
similarity between the modalities of Old Roman and Hispano-Gothic chants are
not surprising, being built on the same Greek theories of tonality and
developing in the same family of chant <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765870"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mic07 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Huglo, 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Prado, Huglo, and Parrish all contend
that the Hispano-Gothic modes were identical to the modes of Gregorian chant
and a diagram in <i>Musica Isidori</i>
establishes the musical scale of Hispano-Gothic chant, the original source of
which seems to be the Byzantine <i>trochos</i>.
Huglo also suggested that the common Mozarabic practice of centonization has
its roots in Byzantine tradition <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765869"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mic07 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Huglo, 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
These Byzantine influences seem to owe at least part of their origin to St.
Leander and his companion Johannes of Gerona, who spent seventeen years in
Byzantium <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765874"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the 14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The presence of
four distinct languages (Latin, Greek, Aramaic and Hebrew) in the <i>Illatio</i> (Sanctus) alone indicates
further the vast treasury of influences on the liturgy<w:sdt citation="t" id="1363455"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
CITATION Rit09 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Rito
Hispano-Mozarabe Ordinario de la Misa, 2009)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> and Prado even went
so far as to suggest Jewish influences in the <i>Pater Noster</i> and the various <i>Preces
<w:sdt citation="t" id="1063986"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RPG28 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Prado, 1928)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Visigothic rule, however
favorable for the cultivation of sacred music, was economically and politically
weak and offered little resistance to the pressing wave of Muslim conquest that
swept into Spain from Africa in the eighth century. Though it is a point of
pride for Spanish musicians to claim that they received no musical influence
from their Muslim rulers, the Moorish invasion in 711 brought the musical
traditions of the Middle-east to Spain. Many historians have emphasized how Islam
tolerated much of Christian practice, though St. Eulogius decried the periods
of intense purgation when “persecution filled the prisons with martyrs”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the chanting of the Divine Liturgy fell silent. It was during this time
period that the term “Mozarab” surfaced as the name given to those Spaniards
who held to their Christian beliefs instead of becoming Muslim. Over time the
name came to refer to the liturgical practices, language and chants of the
Christian Spaniards during this time <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765972"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
As well as bringing their instruments, the Moors also brought their unique
theoretical practices and their preference for extended melismas and lively
rhythms. The philosopher-musician Al-Farabi in his <i>Kitab al-misiqi al-kabir</i>, the Grand Book on Music, prescribed seven
series of rhythms that were often strongly marked and decorated with ornate,
florid embellishments (Livermore, 28). One of the most prominent examples of
Muslim melodic influence on sacred music, <i>las
Cantigas de Sancta Maria</i>, are not genuinely sacred but secular genres with
sacred text, as it was with most of the musical practices of the time, blending
the realms of sacred and secular <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765973"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ann72 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Livermore, 1972)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The Moorish influence on chant was an
influence of negation, i.e., because of their presence the musical center of
Saragossa and Toledo declined as centers of liturgical music. Nevertheless, the
northern, mostly Christian centers such as Cordova survived and even flourished
during this time in their own traditions <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765868"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the 14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The final stage of influence on the
native sacred chants of Spain prior to the Renaissance occurred during the
Reconquista, the purging of Moorish rule by Christian powers. The Reconquista
so altered the sacred musical traditions of Spain that it is nearly impossible
to render the ancient chants with any fidelity <w:sdt citation="t" id="625815"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Spa58 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Spain in the Eleventh Century, 1858)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. This movement
attempted to drive the physical presence of the Moors out of Spain and also
sought to unite Spain with the rest of Catholic Europe by adopting the Roman
rite and with it Gregorian chant <w:sdt citation="t" id="625816"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The06 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Mozarabic Rite, 1906)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The main proponents
of the shift from native to more universal forms of worship were Alphonse IV of
Castile and his queen, Constance, the daughter of Guido of Aquitaine. A
French-born princess, Queen Constance was therefore warmly attached to the Roman
liturgy <w:sdt citation="t" id="1063987"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
She collaborated with a French monk,
Bernard, whom Alphonse VI had instated as Bishop of Toledo, to replace the
Mozarabic liturgy and chants with those of Latin practice <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765878"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Spa58 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Spain in the Eleventh Century, 1858)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The main center of resistance to the
liturgical reforms took place in Toledo, where Alphonse VI made the Roman rite
obligatory immediately following his capture of the city in 1086. The people
even held superstitious contests to “prove” which rite was superior, including trial
by both fire and the sword <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765974"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Although the results invariably favored the Mozarabs, Alphonse IV, Queen
Constance, and the monks of Cluny were determined that the Roman rite should
have the pride of place<w:sdt citation="t" id="625818"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION The29 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (The Performance of Music in
Spain, 1929)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
Their efforts were ultimately successful, though six parishes in Toledo were
granted special permission to continue celebrating the Mozarabic rite. At the
turn of the thirteenth century, however, even there it had become obsolete <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765879"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hig40 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Angles, Hispanic Musical Culture from the 6th to the
14th century, 1940)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. Only about twenty or so genuine
Mozarabic pieces exist in their entirety to this day, mostly at the Benedictine
Monastery of Domingo de Silos. Other sources of chant and descriptions of
liturgical music of the time that survive to this day are the Gradual of the <i>Vall d’Aran</i>, the <i>Codex II of the Escorial</i>, the <i>Liber
Sacramentorum</i>, <i>Codex Veronensis</i>,
and the <i>Antiphonarium</i> of Leon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">At the end of the 15<sup>th</sup>
century Cardinal Francesco Jimenez de Cisneros of Toledo attempted to
revitalize the chants and printed a Breviary and a Missal in 1500 <w:sdt citation="t" id="192766297"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Moz28 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Mozarabic Liber Ordinum, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. Thanks to the two hundred
years of silence, however, the diastematic neumes could no longer be translated
by contemporary musicians. The difficulty of understanding Mozarabic neumes is
compounded by the extreme demographic variety of notation and the ambiguity of
distinctions between relative pitch and rhythmic indicators <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765881"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RPG28 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Prado, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
For example, the neume types <i>“scandicus,
punctus, podatus, clivis </i>and<i> torculus</i>
are written in 9, 10, 13, 17, and 28 ways, respectively.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In
an effort to make performance of the chants possible, Cisneros imposed strict
verse rhythms on melodies which were meant to be sung freely <w:sdt citation="t" id="4203766"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Moz28 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Mozarabic Liber Ordinum, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. As it is today,
modern scholars have tried to render the chants in a more faithful format by
stripping them of whatever seems to be artificial, including the highly metered
rhythms.<w:sdt citation="t" id="192766298"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION RPG28 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Prado, 1928)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. According to
Messenger (1947), the two fundamental issues with understanding the Mozarabic
neumes lay in understanding the number of notes indicated by a neume and
deciphering the relative tonal height indicated by the neumes. Comparison of
the Mozarabic chants with other chant traditions offers modern scholars many
clues to their translation; nevertheless, performances of these chants remain
highly speculative. A popular example of restored Mozarabic chant is <i>Gaudete populi</i> from the San Milan <i>Liber Ordinum</i>, a recording of which can
be found on the Schola Cantorum CD, “A Treasury of Early Music.” Unique sources
of Mozarabic hymnody, pilgrim songs sung at the Shrine of St. James of Compostela,
lived on in oral tradition and were finally transcribed in 1897 <w:sdt citation="t" id="4203768"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION JBT24 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Trend, 1924)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The <i>Codex Calixti II</i> also contains quite a
number of these hymns, but in their transcription, the staff has only one line
and the intervallic relationships rely on educated speculation. Because of the
Reconquista the ancient traditional chants of Spain were abandoned for those of
the Gregorian and as result, a great heritage of Spanish culture has been lost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> In conclusion, each wave of new
traditions brought change, sometimes drastic and other times quite subtle, to
the sacred musical practices of the Iberian people. The classical colonists
brought their wealth of musical philosophy, theory and their instruments to the
region. Christianity then brought its riches from all the nations and combined
them with the native, dance-like rhythms, contributing again to the store of
musical instruments and theories. The glory of the Mozarabic chant, however,
was short lived, as the last invasion by the Christian northerners stripped the
regions of their cultural heritage in a disgusting display of ethnocentricism
and political motivation <w:sdt citation="t" id="192765875"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Spa58 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Spain in the Eleventh Century, 1858)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. No single
development in music is completely self-fueled; it must influence and be
influenced by various traditions and complementary movements. Mozarabic chant
was no exception, being influenced by Ancient Classical theory, folk music,
foreign chant traditions, and liturgical mandate. The history of sacred Spanish
music is, however, exceptional in that it was always changing, i.e. there was
never a point at which the chants and their performance were not actively developing.
Vital and organic, Spanish sacred music prior to the Reconquista held a
treasure-trove of unique musical practices, tragically beaten, but not
destroyed completely. The Mozarabic chants are dead to all with the exception
of the occasional celebration of the Mozarabic liturgy or the rare recording of
intrigued musicians. As of today, there exists no habitat for these unique
chants, and until there is, they will continue to lie forgotten by the broader
musical community and the religious community for whom they existed in the
beginning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Bibliography</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="1363456" sdtdocpart="t">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<w:sdt bibliography="t" id="111145805">
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->Angles, H. (1940). Hispanic Musical Culture from the
6th to the 14th century. <i>The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4</i>,
494-528.<o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Angles, H. (1964). Relations of Spanish Folk Song to
the Gregorian Chant. <i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol.
16</i>, 54-56.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Chase, G. (1941). <i>Music of Spain.</i> New York:
W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Huglo, M. (2007). The Musica Isidori Tradition in
the Iberian Peninsula. In S. Zapke, <i>Hispania Vetus: Musical-Liturgical
Manuscripts from Visigothic Origins to the Franco-Roman Transition (9th-1th
Centuries)</i> (pp. 61-92). Bilbao: Fundacion BBVA.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Livermore, A. (1972). <i>A Short History of Spanish
Music.</i> New York: Vienna House.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Messenger, R. E. (1947). Hymnista. <i>Speculum, Vol.
22, No. 1</i>, 83-84.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Mozarabic Liber Ordinum. (1928). <i>Speculum, Vol.
3, No. 2</i>, 239.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Parrish, C. (1958). <i>A Treasury of Early Music:
Masterworks of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Baroque Era.</i>
W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.: New York.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Prado, R. P. (1928). Mozarabic Melodics. <i>Speculum,
Vo. 3, No. 2</i>, 218-238.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i>Rito Hispano-Mozarabe Ordinario de la Misa.</i> (2009). Toledo: Ediciones Toledo, S.L.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Spain in the Eleventh Century. (1858). <i>The
Catholic Layman, Vol. 7, No. 84</i>, 140-141.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
The Mozarabic Rite. (1906, October). <i>The Church
Quarterly Review</i>, 112-123.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
The Performance of Music in Spain. (1929). <i>The
Musical Times, Vo. 70, No. 1034</i>, 364-365.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Trend, J. B. (1924). Music in Spanish Galicia. <i>Music
& Letters, Vol. 5, No. 1</i>, 15-32.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</w:sdt></w:sdt>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> J. B. Trend, “Music in Spanish Galicia,” <i>Music
& Letters </i>5, no. 1 (1924):
14</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Michel Huglo, “The Diagrams Interpolated into the <i>Musica Isidori</i> and the Scale of Old Hispanic Chant,” in <i>Western Plainchant in the First Millennium:
Studies in the Medieval Liturgy,</i> ed. Sean Gallagher, (Burlington: Ashgate
Publishing, 2003), 256.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Higini Angles. “Hispanic Musical Culture
from the 6<sup>th</sup> to the 14<sup>th</sup> Century.” <cite><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The Musical Quarterly</span></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">,</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct., 1940) p. 500.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Final%20Draft.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Anne Livermore, <i>A Short History of Spanish Music</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> (</span>New York:
Vienna House, 1972), 14.</div>
</div>
</div>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-51953629248767049652012-05-05T20:23:00.001-05:002012-05-06T15:05:35.725-05:00Ethics Final Study Guide Pt. 2The Virtues and their corresponding vices<br />
(E) = excess<br />
(D) = Deficiency<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Prudence</li>
<ul>
<li>Imprudence</li>
<li>negligence</li>
<li>prudence of the flesh</li>
<li>craftiness</li>
<li>Guile</li>
<li>Fraud</li>
</ul>
<li>Justice</li>
<ul>
<li>respect of persons (against distributive justice)</li>
<li>murder</li>
<li>bodily injury</li>
<li>theft and robbery</li>
<li>perjury</li>
<li>false judgment</li>
<li>reviling</li>
<li>backbiting</li>
<li>tale-bearing</li>
<li>derision</li>
<li>cursing</li>
<li>cheating</li>
<li>usury</li>
</ul>
<li>Do Good and Avoid Evil</li>
<ul>
<li>Transgression (E)</li>
<li>Omission (D)</li>
</ul>
<li>Religion</li>
<ul>
<li>Superstition (E)</li>
<li>idolatry (E)</li>
<li>divinations (E)</li>
<li>observances (E)</li>
<li>undue worship (E)</li>
<li>irreligion (D)</li>
<li>perjury (D)</li>
<li>sacrilege (D)</li>
<li>simony (D)</li>
</ul>
<li>Truth</li>
<ul>
<li>Boasting</li>
<li>Irony</li>
</ul>
<li>Piety</li>
<ul>
<li>dishonor of parents</li>
</ul>
<li>Obedience</li>
<ul>
<li>disobedience</li>
</ul>
<li>Gratitude</li>
<ul>
<li>Ingratitude</li>
</ul>
<li>Friendliness/ Affability</li>
<ul>
<li>Flattery (E)</li>
<li>Quarreling (D)</li>
</ul>
<li>Liberality</li>
<ul>
<li>Covetousness (D)</li>
<li>Prodigality (E)</li>
</ul>
<li>Fortitude</li>
<ul>
<li>fear (D)</li>
<li>fearlessness (E)</li>
<li>daring (E)</li>
</ul>
<li>Magnanimity</li>
<ul>
<li>presumption (E)</li>
<li>ambition (E)</li>
<li>vainglory (E)</li>
<li>pusillanimity (D)</li>
</ul>
<li>Magnificence</li>
<ul>
<li>meanness (D)</li>
<li>waste (E)</li>
</ul>
<li>Patience</li>
<ul>
<li>impatience</li>
</ul>
<li>Perseverance</li>
<ul>
<li>Effeminacy (D)</li>
<li>Pertinacity (E)</li>
</ul>
<li>Temperence</li>
<ul>
<li>Insensibility (D)</li>
<li>Intemperance (E)</li>
</ul>
<li>Abstinence</li>
<ul>
<li>Gluttony</li>
</ul>
<li>Sobriety</li>
<ul>
<li>Drunkenness</li>
</ul>
<li>Chastity</li>
<ul>
<li>Lust</li>
</ul>
<li>Continence</li>
<ul>
<li>incontinence</li>
</ul>
<li>Clemency</li>
<ul>
<li>cruelty</li>
</ul>
<li>Meekness</li>
<ul>
<li>anger</li>
</ul>
<li>Humility</li>
<ul>
<li>Pride</li>
</ul>
<li>Studiousness</li>
<ul>
<li>Curiosity (E)</li>
<li>Pusillanimity (D) </li>
</ul>
</ul>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-31737636874210218522012-05-05T19:37:00.001-05:002012-05-06T15:09:32.014-05:00Ethics Final Study Guide Pt. 1Everything you ever wanted to know about the virtues and vices according to the <i>Summa Theologica</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>What is a genus, species, and differentia?</li>
<ol>
<li>Genus: matter</li>
<li>Species: form</li>
<li>Differentia: that which separates a species from everything else in the genus</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the four causes?</li>
<ol>
<li>Formal </li>
<li>Agent</li>
<li>Material</li>
<li>Final</li>
</ol>
<li>How do the four causes relate to ethics?</li>
<li>What are the five intellectual virtues?</li>
<ol>
<li>intuition - inductive reasoning</li>
<li>science - reasoning deductively</li>
<li>Wisdom - seeking God</li>
<li>Prudence - directing morals</li>
<li>Art - making things</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the three acts of the intellect?</li>
<ol>
<li>Apprehension</li>
<li>Judgment</li>
<li>Reasoning</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by science?</li>
<ol>
<li>Knowledge: a perfection of the intellect</li>
</ol>
<li>How is ethics a science?</li>
<ol>
<li>It is a practical study/knowledge of virtue and vice</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the 12 components of a voluntary action?</li>
<ol>
<li>Apprehend the good</li>
<li>Will the good</li>
<li>Judge the universal</li>
<li>Intend the good</li>
<li>Counsel</li>
<li>Consent</li>
<li>Judgment of means</li>
<li>Free choice</li>
<li>Command</li>
<li>Execution</li>
<li>Contemplation</li>
<li>Enjoyment</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the relation between capacity, habit, act and object?</li>
<ol>
<li>our capacities allow us to act for some object and doing so repeatedly is a habit</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the various synonyms for capacity?</li>
<ol>
<li>ability, potential, ...</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the various species of habits?</li>
<ol>
<li>virtue</li>
<li>vice</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the various synonyms for acts?</li>
<ol>
<li>works, functions, operations...</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the capacities of humans?</li>
<ol>
<li>grow, assimilate nutrition</li>
<li>reproduction</li>
<li>sensation</li>
<li>appetite</li>
<li>intellect</li>
<li>will</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the capacities of animals?</li>
<ol>
<li>grow, assimilate nutrition</li>
<li>reproduction</li>
<li>sensation</li>
<li>appetite</li>
</ol>
<li>How is man a rational animal?</li>
<ol>
<li>Man is an animal capable of reasoning to the knowledge of universal truths</li>
</ol>
<li>What does voluntary and involuntary mean?</li>
<ol>
<li>voluntary - consent of the will</li>
<li>involuntary - without consent of the will</li>
</ol>
<li>What did the word cardinal originally mean?</li>
<ol>
<li>From the Latin word <i>cardo,</i> meaning hinge: all the other virtues revolve around these</li>
</ol>
<li>What does the word virtue originally mean?</li>
<ol>
<li>From the Latin word <i>vir</i>, meaning manly: denoting manly virtue</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the four cardinal virtues?</li>
<ol>
<li>Prudence</li>
<li>Justice</li>
<li>Fortitude</li>
<li>Temperance</li>
</ol>
<li>What part of the soul is prudence found in?</li>
<ol>
<li>intellect</li>
</ol>
<li>What does the word prudent originally mean?</li>
<ol>
<li>knowing, forseeing</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between practical and speculative reason?</li>
<ol>
<li>practical - using truth as a means to an end</li>
<li>speculative - finding truth for its own sake</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by science?</li>
<ol>
<li>knowing</li>
</ol>
<li>What does he mean by self evident?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which is a necessary conclusion, needs no deductive reason to come to</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between a universal and a particular?</li>
<ol>
<li>Universal: that which applies to everything in the species</li>
<li>Particular: a specific instance or application</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the role of prudence in relation to the ends and means?</li>
<ol>
<li>prudence illuminates for us the means deemed most appropriate for achieving antecedently established ends</li>
</ol>
<li>Be able to give examples of ends and means</li>
<ol>
<li>Universal - marriage</li>
<li>Particular - the marriage of Jane and John Doe</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by a moral virtue?</li>
<ol>
<li>those that perfect the appetitive powers of the soul</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by a mean in moral virtues?</li>
<ol>
<li>a balance between the extremes of excess and deficiency</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by command?</li>
<ol>
<li>the object of prudence, to direct subordinates in the right course of action</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between an individual and a common good?</li>
<ol>
<li>an individual good has as its end the good of a specific person, whereas the common good has as its end the collective good of the many.</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by good counsel?</li>
<ol>
<li>the research of reason to perform any particular act</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by 'judging well according to common law?'</li>
<ol>
<li>right judgment about particular practical matters</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by 'judging well according to general law?'</li>
<ol>
<li>right judgment according to higher principles</li>
</ol>
<li>When is imprudence a sun?</li>
<ol>
<li>When it is a negation, not a privation, i.e. the movement or act of reason is in opposition to prudence, i.e. rejecting counsel. Mortal when it involves contempt and rejection of the Divine Law, but venial if acting beside the Law and without contempt and with out detriment to things necessary for salvation.</li>
</ol>
<li>How/ why is lust a cause of imprudence?</li>
<ol>
<li>because pleasure corrupts the operation of right reason</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between prudence of the flesh and craftiness?</li>
<ol>
<li>prudence of the flesh denotes a man who sees carnal goods as his final end</li>
<li>craftiness is the obtaining of an end, whether good or evil, through counterfeit means</li>
</ol>
<li>How is right related to justice?</li>
<ol>
<li>right is the object of justice</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the two basic kinds of right?</li>
<ol>
<li>Natural right</li>
<li>Positive right</li>
</ol>
<li>What constitutes a natural right?</li>
<ol>
<li>the law of equal returns, unchangeable</li>
</ol>
<li>What is a positive right?</li>
<ol>
<li>a thing is adjusted or commensurated to a person by agreement or common consent </li>
</ol>
<li>In what part of the soul does justice reside?</li>
<ol>
<li>the will</li>
</ol>
<li>How is justice a general virtue?</li>
<ol>
<li>the good of any virtue is referable to the common good, which justice directs, so that all acts of virtue can pertain to justice, insofar as it directs the common good</li>
</ol>
<li>How is justice a particular or special virtue?</li>
<ol>
<li>a legal justice directs a man immediately to the good of another individual</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the two species of justice?</li>
<ol>
<li>Distributive (whole in relation to its parts)</li>
<li>Commutative (part to part)</li>
</ol>
<li>What is restitution?</li>
<ol>
<li>to reinstate a person in the possession or dominion of his lawful goods, must be given for salvation, must pay back the inequality, not just the amount, including giving what was not given in the first place.</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by respect of person?</li>
<ol>
<li>Respect of someone's position or office rather than their personal merits</li>
</ol>
<li>Under what conditions is killing another person lawful?</li>
<ol>
<li>Involuntary, so long as not negligent</li>
<li>self-defense, only so far as it is an unfortunate side-effect</li>
<li>Defense of the community or common good</li>
<li>justice executed by legitimate authority</li>
</ol>
<li>What is Aquinas' argument for corporal punishment?</li>
<ol>
<li>for the sake of the whole, a part may suffer, especially for the cure of that part</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between theft and robbery?</li>
<ol>
<li>Theft takes in secret whereas robbery takes by force</li>
</ol>
<li>Which is worse?</li>
<ol>
<li>robbery</li>
</ol>
<li>What is calumny?</li>
<ol>
<li>falsely charging a person with a crime</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the three species of lying?</li>
<ol>
<li>Jacose: a lie told in jest</li>
<li>Officious: a lie told for the benefit of something else</li>
<li>Malicious: a lie told in order to do someone/something harm</li>
</ol>
<li>What is reviling?</li>
<ol>
<li>the dishonoring of a person</li>
</ol>
<li>What is backbiting?</li>
<ol>
<li>speaking against another's name secretly</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by tale-bearing?</li>
<ol>
<li>Speaking evil of persons in order to sever relationships</li>
</ol>
<li>What is derision?</li>
<ol>
<li>Shaming a person with words</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by cursing?</li>
<ol>
<li>to command or desire another's evil, as evil, being intent on the evil itself</li>
</ol>
<li>Why does Aquinas think that usury is wrong?</li>
<ol>
<li>Usury is to sell what does not exist, because money is consumed by its use, and therefore there is an inequality in transaction, which is injustice</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between sins of omission and sins of transgression or commission?</li>
<ol>
<li>a sin of omission is not doing what one ought to do</li>
<li>a transgression is doing what one ought not to do</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by religion?</li>
<ol>
<li>offering service and ceremonial rites to a superior nature that men call divine</li>
</ol>
<li>How is religion a natural phenomenon, rather than a part of special revelation?</li>
<ol>
<li>Natural reason tells man that he is subject to a thing higher than himself on account of his personal defects. Naturally, anything superior deserves obeisance from that which is inferior</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between natural religion and revealed religion?</li>
<ol>
<li>Natural religion - public signs, philosophy and natural revelation, </li>
<li>Revealed religion - given by God to private individuals, involves belief</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by prayer?</li>
<ol>
<li>To ask becoming things of God, an act of reason</li>
</ol>
<li>How is prayer efficacious?</li>
<ol>
<li>by prayer we make ourselves able to receive what God has already deigned to give us (partial causality)</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the two theological errors that one must avoid in a discussion of prayer?</li>
<ol>
<li>God can change His mind</li>
<li>Implying necessity on human affairs</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by contingent?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which could be otherwise</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by necessary?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which could not possibly be otherwise</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by sacrifice?</li>
<ol>
<li>Offering certain sensible signs to God as a sign of the subjugation and honor due to Him</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by vow?</li>
<ol>
<li>A binding to do or omit some particular thing</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meant by an oath?</li>
<ol>
<li>Calling God to bear witness to the Truth of a statement</li>
</ol>
<li>Is cursing the same as using foul or obscene language?</li>
<ol>
<li>no</li>
</ol>
<li>What is perjury?</li>
<ol>
<li>to swear falsely under oath</li>
</ol>
<li>What is piety?</li>
<ol>
<li>giving honor to one's parents</li>
</ol>
<li>What is observance?</li>
<ol>
<li>paying honor to persons in positions of dignity</li>
</ol>
<li>What is dulia?</li>
<ol>
<li>paying honor to those humans that are above us</li>
</ol>
<li>What is latria?</li>
<ol>
<li>to give honor to God</li>
</ol>
<li>What is honor?</li>
<ol>
<li>recognition of merit </li>
</ol>
<li>What is the virtue of truth?</li>
<ol>
<li>speaking the truth with entire self - representing oneself honestly</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the different kinds of lies?</li>
<ol>
<li>material lie</li>
<li>formal lie</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between a material lie and a formal lie?</li>
<ol>
<li>material - false statement (irrespective of intent)</li>
<li>formal - intention to deceive (irrespective of truth of words)</li>
</ol>
<li>What is irony?</li>
<ol>
<li>belittling oneself</li>
</ol>
<li>What is affability and its corresponding vices?</li>
<ol>
<li>flattery as excess and quarreling as deficiency</li>
</ol>
<li>What is liberality and its corresponding vices?</li>
<ol>
<li>to use money well for the sake of others</li>
<ol>
<li>covetousness as the deficiency</li>
<li>prodigality as excess</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<li>What is equity?</li>
<ol>
<li>interpreting law according to the spirit of the law and not its letter</li>
</ol>
<li>How does the Decalogue pertain to the virtues?</li>
<ol>
<li>They confirm the basic principles of morality. Religion pertains to the first three, piety to the fourth and justice to all the rest</li>
</ol>
<li>What is fortitude?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which removes all obstacles to doing good</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the ultimate act of fortitude?</li>
<ol>
<li>martyrdom</li>
</ol>
<li>What is magnanimity?</li>
<ol>
<li>literally 'great mindedness,' pursuing great things</li>
</ol>
<li>What is munificence?</li>
<ol>
<li>greatness in regards money</li>
</ol>
<li>What is ambition?</li>
<ol>
<li>excess of magnanimity</li>
</ol>
<li>What is pusillanimity?</li>
<ol>
<li>deficiency of magnanimity, literally 'small mindedness'</li>
</ol>
<li>What is temperance?</li>
<ol>
<li>the moderation of pleasures</li>
</ol>
<li>What is shamefacedness?</li>
<ol>
<li>when one is embarrassed of their sins</li>
</ol>
<li>How does shamefacedness point to the reality of ethics?</li>
<ol>
<li>shows a recognition of wrongdoing</li>
</ol>
<li>What does Aquinas mean by fasting and abstinence?</li>
<ol>
<li>fasting is withholding from all food</li>
<li>abstinence is withholding from certain foods</li>
</ol>
<li>What is the difference between chastity and virginity?</li>
<ol>
<li>chastity is regulation of venereal acts according to one's state in life</li>
<li>virginity is complete abstinence from venereal acts</li>
</ol>
<li>Why are lust and drunkenness sinful?</li>
<ol>
<li>because they draw men away from the order of right reason</li>
</ol>
<li>What is continence and incontinence?</li>
<ol>
<li>continence - doing what is right in opposition to desire</li>
<li>incontinence - doing what is wrong in conjunction with desire in opposition of conscience</li>
</ol>
<li>What is cruelty?</li>
<ol>
<li>hardness of heart in exacting punishment</li>
</ol>
<li>What is meekness?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which moderates anger</li>
</ol>
<li>What is clemency?</li>
<ol>
<li>that which moderates punishment</li>
</ol>
<li>What is modesty?</li>
<ol>
<li>honesty in outward movements</li>
</ol>
<li>How is anger a virtue?</li>
<ol>
<li>when it directs a man to correction of a wrong</li>
</ol>
<li>What is studiousness?</li>
<ol>
<li>moderation of desire for knowledge</li>
</ol>
<li>What is curiosity?</li>
<ol>
<li>excess with regards studiousness</li>
</ol>
<li>What are the capital vices?</li>
<ol>
<li>vainglory</li>
<li>envy</li>
<li>anger</li>
<li>sloth</li>
<li>covetousness</li>
<li>gluttony</li>
<li>lust</li>
</ol>
<li>What makes a vice capital?</li>
<ol>
<li>derived from 'caput' meaning head, a vice leading to other vices</li>
</ol>
</ol>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-39126152044736475482012-04-18T09:36:00.001-05:002012-04-18T09:36:57.656-05:00Why Aquinas says that Fornication is a Mortal sin<div style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Without any <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05141a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">doubt</a> we must hold simple fornication to be a mortal <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">sin</a>, notwithstanding that a <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06586a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">gloss</a> [<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">St. Augustine</a>, QQ. in Deut., qu. 37 on <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/deu023.htm#verse17" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">Deuteronomy 23:17</a>, says: "This is a prohibition against going with whores, whose vileness is venial." For instead of "venial" it should be "venal," since such is the wanton's trade. On order to make this evident, we must take note that every <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">sin</a> committed directly against <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">human</a> life is a mortal <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">sin</a>. Now simple fornication implies an inordinateness that tends to injure the life of the offspring to be born of this union. For we find in all animals where the upbringing of the offspring needs care of both male and female, that these come together not indeterminately, but the male with a certain female, whether one or several; such is the case with all birds: while, on the other hand, among those animals, where the female alone suffices for the offspring's upbringing, the union is indeterminate, as in the case of dogs and like animals. Now it is evident that the upbringing of a <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">human</a> child requires not only the mother's care for his nourishment, but much more the care of his father as guide and guardian, and under whom he progresses in goods both internal and external. Hence <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">human</a> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10715a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">nature</a> rebels against an indeterminate union of the sexes and demands that a man should be united to a determinate <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15687b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">woman</a> and should abide with her a long time or even for a whole lifetime. Hence it is that in the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">human race</a> the male has a <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10715a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">natural</a> solicitude for the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03539b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">certainty</a> of offspring, because on him devolves the upbringing of the child: and this certainly would cease if the union of sexes were indeterminate.</div><div style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This union with a certain definite <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15687b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">woman</a> is called <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09707a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">matrimony</a>; which for the above reason is said to belong to the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09076a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">natural law</a>. Since, however, the union of the sexes is directed to the common <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06636b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">good</a> of the whole <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">human race</a>, and commongoods depend on the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09053a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">law</a> for their determination, as stated above (I-II, 90, 2), it follows that this union of <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580c.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">man</a> and<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15687b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">woman</a>, which is called <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09707a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">matrimony</a>, is determined by some <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09053a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">law</a>. What this determination is for us will be stated in the Third Part of this work (Supplement,050, seqq.), where we shall treat of the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09707a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">sacrament of matrimony</a>. Wherefore, since fornication is an indeterminate union of the sexes, as something incompatible with <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09707a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">matrimony</a>, it is opposed to the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06636b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">good</a>of the child's upbringing, and consequently it is a mortal <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">sin</a>.</div><div style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nor does it matter if a man having <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08673a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">knowledge</a> of a <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15687b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">woman</a> by fornication, make sufficient provision for the upbringing of the child: because a <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10053b.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">matter</a> that comes under the determination of the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09053a.htm" style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none;">law</a> is judged according to what happens in general, and not according to what may happen in a particular case.</div>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-37282324995579566332012-03-16T08:37:00.000-05:002012-03-16T08:37:51.326-05:00The Influence of Dance on Musical Styles of the 16th CenturySocial dancing was widespread and highly valued in the Renaissance, and people of breeding were expected to be expert dancers. In addition to providing healthy exercise, dancing was a way to meet people, interact with them in a formal setting, judge their fitness and social skills, and show off one's own abilities. With dancing a central part of social life, it is no surprise that musicians played and composed a great deal of dance music. In writing dance pieces, which owed little to vocal modes, sixteenth-century composers began to develop a distinctive instrumental style.<br />
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Performers frequently improvised dance music or played dance tunes from memory, as in earlier times. Several fifteenth-century manuscripts contain dances, typically in the form of bass lines over which treble instruments would improvise. But in the 16th century, many dance pieces were printed in collections issued by Petrucci, Attaingnant, and other publishers, for ensemble, lute or keyboard. These written works tell us much about improvisatory practice, showing that sixteenth-century performers often improvised by ornamenting a given melodic line or by adding one or more contrapuntal parts to a given melodic line or by adding one or more contrapuntal parts to a given melody or bass line<br />
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These published dances also show that dance music served two very different purposes in the Renaissance. Dances for ensemble were functional music, suitable for accompanying dancers, although they were also marketed to amateur performers. In these pieces, the principal melody is typically in the uppermost part, sometimes highly ornamented, but often left plain for the performer to add embellishments. The other parts are mostly homophonic, with little of no contrapuntal interplay. Most dance pieces for solo lute of keyboard, on the other hand, are stylized, intended for the enjoyment of the players or listeners rather than for dancing, and these often include more elaborate counterpoint or written-out decoration.<br />
Each dance form has a particular meter, tempo, rhythmic pattern, and form which distinguishes each one from the others. Dance pieces feature two, or more distinct and repeated sections depending on the dance. Usually the phrase structure is clear and predictable, often in four-measure groups, so that dancers could follow it easily.<br />
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The favorite courtly dance of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries was the <b>basse danse</b>, a stately couple dance marked by gracefully raising and lowering the body. It featured five different kinds of steps in various combinations. The music can be in triple or duple meter and is usually in six- or four- measure phrases. One example of a Basse danse is Tielman Susato's<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1449916744"> </a><i><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htpM_id7KSQ&feature=related">La Morisque</a> </i> from his <i>Danserye, </i>which contains two repeated sections (binary form) in duple meter, each composed of a four measure phrase stated twice with different endings.<br />
The Basse Danse was usually paired with a pavane, a slow dance in duple meter, and a galliard, a fast one in triple meter, on the same tune. Both had a form with three repeated strains (AABBCC). Similar pairings of dances in slow, then in fast meters was the <i>passsamezzo </i>and <i>saltarello</i>, which was popular in Italy.Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-82466175132491701752012-03-14T21:40:00.000-05:002012-03-14T21:40:25.793-05:00Counter-Reformation: The MusicalAs the Protestant Reformation spread, the Catholic Church responded with a series of initiatives, called the Counter-Reformation, made ever more pressing by the impending loss of England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Poland and Hungary. Part of this counter-reformation included a purging of the abuses rampant in the Magesterium, which was initated by Pope Paul III. At the same time, St. Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits (The Society of Jesus), which established schools and taught doctrine among Protestants in Europe and non-Christians in Asia and the Americas. They were a major force of revitalization in Poland, France and Germany.<br />
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The Council of Trent (1545-1564), the formal response of the Church to the challenges posed to traditions and philosophies by the Protestants, did not compromises on matters of Faith and doctrine, but did pass regulations on the clergy meant to purge them of their abuses and excesses. Music, while only a small part of the discussion at Trent, had major ramifications for the liturgical practices of the Catholic world, and for all music history. The Council did state that music should "keep away from...compositions in which there is an intermingling of the lascivious or impure, whether by instrument or by voice," but interpretation and application of this was left to the local bishops.<br />
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Some argued strongly for the elimination of polyphony all together, deeming it unintelligible. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, according to legend, saved sacred polyphony through the composition of the <i><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itKeTpK83IY">Pope Marcellus Mass</a>, </i>a piece remarkable for its sophistication and clarity. Since Luther and Calvin called for simplified music, labeling polyphony as extravagant and papist, Palestrina is not given the title "the Savior of Music" for nothing.<br />
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In Spain, the Catholic community prospered, protected by the monarchy. The music of Spain became a major source of evangelization for the spread of Catholicism in the new world. The music of the Aztecs and Incas was a rich tradition mostly associated with dancing, and into this world the Spanish missionaries brought the masses of Morales, Victoria, Guerrero and Palestrina. While most of the works were sung in their original Spanish, may composers also wrote for local languages, such as <i><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y--3bHLf1A4">Hanacpachap cussicuinin</a></i>, a processional in the Quechua language of Peru.Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-7285274502912607522012-03-14T20:52:00.000-05:002012-03-14T20:52:47.646-05:00The development of the motet from the late 14th century to the 15th century<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQjdEbZH2wI&feature=related">Quam pulchra es</a> ~ John Dunstable<br />
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If <i>Quam pulchra es </i>had been written a century earlier, as a mostly homorhytmic setting of a Latin text, it could be classified as a cantilena, but in the fifteenth century it would be called a <b>motet</b>. This term, coined in the 13th century for pieces that added text to the upper part of a discant clausula, gradually broadened in meaning to include any work with texted upper voices above a cantus firmus with both sacred or secular text. By the early fifteenth century, the isorhythmic motet was an antiquated form, used for only the most formal of occasions, and by 1450 it fell out of fashion. Meanwhile, the term <i>motet</i> was applied to settings of liturgical texts in the newer musical styles of the time, whether or not a chant melody was used. The term came to designate almost <i>any polyphonic composition on a Latin text</i>, including settings of texts from the Mass Proper and the Office. It was even used for settings of Mass Ordinary texts before the mass cycle became its own genre around the mid-fifteenth century.Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-75897138663040892242012-02-29T22:27:00.001-06:002012-02-29T22:28:00.922-06:00Ethics Midterm Study Guide.Because Aquinas is crazy<br />
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<ol><li>What is genus, species, and differentia</li>
<ol><li>Genus: What is predicated essentially of many things differing in a species</li>
<li>Species: different things belonging to the same genus</li>
<li>Differentia: that which separates a species from everything else in the genus</li>
</ol><li>What are the four causes?</li>
<ol><li>Formal Cause</li>
<li>Agent/ Efficient Cause</li>
<li>Material Cause</li>
<li>Final Cause</li>
</ol><li>How do the four causes relate to ethics?</li>
<ol><li>Formal Cause - the cause of the acts existence?</li>
<li>Agent Cause - The person who acts</li>
<li>Material Cause - the matter by which the person acts</li>
<li>Final cause - the reason for which the act is done</li>
</ol><li>What are the three acts of the intellect?</li>
<ol><li>Apprehension</li>
<li>Judgment</li>
<li>Reasoning</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by science?</li>
<ol><li>Knowledge</li>
</ol><li>How is ethics a science?</li>
<ol><li>A practical science; a study of human action</li>
</ol><li>What are the 12 components of a voluntary action?</li>
<ol><li>Apprehend the good</li>
<li>Will the good</li>
<li>Judge the universal</li>
<li>Intend the good</li>
<li>Counsel</li>
<li>Consent</li>
<li>Judgment of means</li>
<li>Free choice</li>
<li>Command</li>
<li>Execution</li>
<li>Contemplation</li>
<li>Enjoyment</li>
</ol><li>What is the relation between capacity, habit, act and object?</li>
<ol><li>Our capacities allow us to act for some object, and doing so repeatedly is a habit</li>
</ol><li>What are the various synonyms for capacity?</li>
<ol><li>ability, potential, </li>
</ol><li>What are the various species of habits?</li>
<ol><li>virtue</li>
<li>vice</li>
</ol><li>what are the various synonyms for acts?</li>
<ol><li>operation, execution, performance, transaction, accomplishment, consummation, achievement</li>
</ol><li>What are the various capacities of humans?</li>
<ol><li>grow, assimilate nutrition</li>
<li>reproduce</li>
<li>sensation</li>
<li>appetite</li>
<li>intellect</li>
<li>will</li>
</ol><li>What are the capacities of animals?</li>
<ol><li>growth, assimilate nutrition</li>
<li>reproduction</li>
<li>sensation</li>
<li>appetite</li>
</ol><li>How is man a rational animal?</li>
<ol><li>Come to know universals through reason</li>
</ol><li>What does voluntary and involuntary mean?</li>
<ol><li>voluntary - consent of the will</li>
<li>involuntary - without or contrary to the will</li>
</ol><li>What did the word cardinal originally mean?</li>
<ol><li>from the Latin word <i>cardo,</i> meaning hinge: all the other virtues revolve around these</li>
</ol><li>What does the word virtue originally mean?</li>
<ol><li>From the Latin word <i>vir</i>, meaning manly; denoting manly virtue</li>
</ol><li>What are the four cardinal virtues?</li>
<ol><li>Prudence</li>
<li>Justice</li>
<li>Temperance</li>
<li>Courage</li>
</ol><li>Which part of the soul is prudence found in?</li>
<ol><li>intellect</li>
</ol><li>What does the word 'prudent' originally mean?</li>
<ol><li>knowing, forseeing</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between practical and speculative reason?</li>
<ol><li>practical - using truth as a means to an end</li>
<li>speculative - using truth for its own sake</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by science?</li>
<ol><li>knowing</li>
</ol><li>What does he mean by self evident?</li>
<ol><li>that which is a necessary conclusion, needs no deductive reason to come to</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between a universal and a particular?</li>
<ol><li>Universal: that which applies to everything in the species</li>
<li>Particular: a specific instance </li>
</ol><li>What is the role of prudence in relation to ends and means?</li>
<ol><li>prudence illuminates for us the means deemed most appropriate for achieving antecedently established ends</li>
</ol><li>Be able to give examples of ends and means</li>
<li>What is meant by a moral virtue?</li>
<ol><li>those that perfect the appetitive powers of the soul</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by a mean in moral virtues?</li>
<ol><li>a balance between excess and lack, balance between extremes</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by command?</li>
<ol><li>The object of prudence, to direct subordinates in the right course of action</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between an individual and a common good?</li>
<ol><li>An individual good has as its end the good of a specific person, whereas the common good has as its end the collective good of the many</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by good counsel?</li>
<ol><li>the research of reason to perform any particular act</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by 'judging well according to common law'?</li>
<ol><li>right judgment about particular practical matters</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by 'judging well according to general law'?</li>
<ol><li>right judgment according to higher principles than common sense</li>
</ol><li>When is imprudence a sin?</li>
<ol><li>When it is a negation, not a privation, i.e. the movement or act of reason is in opposition to prudence, i.e. rejecting counsel. Mortal when it involves contempt and rejection of the Divine Law, but venial if acting beside the Law and without contempt and without detriment to things necessary for salvation</li>
</ol><li>How/ why is lust a cause of imprudence?</li>
<ol><li>because pleasure corrupts the operation of right reason</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between prudence of the flesh and craftiness?</li>
<ol><li>Prudence of the flesh denotes a man who sees carnal goods as his final end</li>
<li>craftiness is the obtaining of an end, whether good or evil , through counterfeit means</li>
</ol><li>How is right related to justice?</li>
<ol><li>right is the object of justice</li>
</ol><li>What are the two basic kinds of right?</li>
<ol><li>Natural right</li>
<li>Positive right</li>
</ol><li>What constitutes a natural right?</li>
<ol><li>the law of equal returns, unchangeable</li>
</ol><li>What is positive right?</li>
<ol><li>a thing is adjusted or commensurated to a person by agreement or common consent</li>
</ol><li>In which part of the soul does justice reside?</li>
<ol><li>the will</li>
</ol><li>How is justice a general virtue?</li>
<ol><li>the good of any virtue is referable to the common good, which justice directs, so that all acts of virtue can pertain to justice, insofar as it directs the common good</li>
</ol><li>How is justice a particular or special virtue?</li>
<ol><li>A legal justice directs a man immediately to the good of another individual</li>
</ol><li>What are the two species of justice</li>
<ol><li>Distributive (whole in relation to its parts)</li>
<li>Commutative (part to part)</li>
</ol><li>What is restitution?</li>
<ol><li>To reinstate a person in the possession or dominion of his thing, must be given for salvation, giving back fully for the inequality, not just the amount, including giving what was not given in the first place</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by respect of person?</li>
<ol><li>Respect of someone's position or office rather than their merits</li>
</ol><li>Under what conditions is killing another person lawful?</li>
<ol><li>Involuntary, so long as not negligent</li>
<li>self-defense, only so far as it is an unfortunate side-effect</li>
<li>Defence of the community or common good</li>
<li>justice executed by legitimate authority</li>
</ol><li>What is Aquinas' argument for corporal punishment?</li>
<ol><li>for the sake of the whole, a part may suffer, especially for its cure</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between theft and robbery?</li>
<ol><li>Theft involves taking something in secret</li>
<li>Robbery involves taking something by violence</li>
</ol><li>Which is worse?</li>
<ol><li>robbery</li>
</ol><li>What is calumny?</li>
<ol><li>falsely charging a person with a crime</li>
</ol><li>What are the three species of lying?</li>
<ol><li>Jocose</li>
<li>Officious</li>
<li>Malicious</li>
</ol><li>What is reviling?</li>
<ol><li>The dishonoring of a person</li>
</ol><li>What is backbiting?</li>
<ol><li>Speaking against another's name secretly</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by tale-bearing?</li>
<ol><li>Speaking evil of persons in order to sever relationships</li>
</ol><li>What is derision?</li>
<ol><li>Shaming a person with words</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by cursing?</li>
<ol><li>to command or desire another's evil, as evil, being intent on the evil itself</li>
</ol><li>Why does Aquinas think usury is wrong?</li>
<ol><li>Usury is to sell what does not exist, because money is consumed by its use, and therfore there is an inequality in transaction, which is injustice</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between sins of omission and sins of transgression or commission?</li>
<ol><li>A sin of omission is not doing what one ought to do, whereas a transgression is doing what one ought not to do</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by religion?</li>
<ol><li>Offering service and ceremonial rites to a superior nature that men call divine</li>
</ol><li>How is religion a natural phenomenon, rather than a part of special revelation?</li>
<ol><li>Natural reason tells man that he is subject to a thing higher than himself on account of his personal defects. Naturally, anything superior deserves obeisance from that which is inferior</li>
</ol><li>What is the difference between natural religion and revealed religion?</li>
<ol><li>Natural religion uses public signs, philosophy and natural revelation, whereas revealed religion is given by God to private individuals and involves belief</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by prayer?</li>
<ol><li>To ask becoming things of God, an act of reason</li>
</ol><li>How is prayer efficacious?</li>
<ol><li>By prayer we make ourselves able to receive what God has already deigned to give us (partial causality)</li>
</ol><li>What are the two theological errors that one must avoid in discussion of prayer?</li>
<ol><li>God can change His mind</li>
<li>Implying necessity on human affairs</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by contingent?</li>
<ol><li>That which could be otherwise</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by necessary?</li>
<ol><li>That which could not possibly be at all different</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean by sacrifice?</li>
<ol><li>Offering certain sensible signs to God in as a sign of the subjugation and honor due to Him</li>
</ol><li>What does Aquinas mean to vow?</li>
<ol><li>A binding to do or omit some particular thing</li>
</ol><li>What is meant by an oath?</li>
<ol><li>Calling God to bear witness to the Truth of a statement</li>
</ol><li>Why is it necessary to invoke God as a witness?</li>
<ol><li>because God is the source of all truth and knowledge</li>
</ol></ol>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3493930753797509659.post-70639514971884743242012-02-23T00:30:00.000-06:002012-02-23T00:30:21.157-06:00Beauty and Being according to Aquinas<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> In the <i>Summa Theologica, </i>II-II Q. 145 Art. 2, St. Thomas Aquinas argues that honesty is synonymous with spiritual beauty. He explains his position by professing that “beauty or comeliness results from the concurrence of clarity and due proportion”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, and “spiritual beauty consists in a man’s conduct or actions being well proportioned in respect of the spiritual clarity of reason. Now this is what is meant by honesty.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Of these two aspects of beauty, clarity and proportion are easy to understand, but what does Aquinas mean when he calls beauty proportioned? The aim of this paper is to explore Aquinas’s belief that beauty is proportionate. To do this, one must first understand how Aquinas defines beauty by drawing on his previous writings. After this, a firm grasp of Aquinas’s understanding of proportion will be helpful to conclude what Aquinas implies when he claims that beauty consists of “due proportion.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The first component in understanding Aquinas’s argument is to analyze what he understands to be the nature of beauty. In I-I Q. 5 Art. 4, Aquinas states that “beautiful things are those that please when seen.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Although he uses the Latin word “visa”, which implies seeing with the eyes, as opposed to “intellegere”, which means to comprehend, Aquinas does not refer to “visa” in regards to sensation or perception. Rather, Aquinas declares that “beauty relates to the cognitive faculty,”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> that is, it is our intellect that responds to beauty. This does not imply that physical things do not partake in beauty, for Aquinas says that without perception there is no cognition. Rather, the phenomena of sensation, perception and cognition are unified in the experience of beauty. The experience of beauty is not purely disinterested aesthetics, nor is it sensualism, but a synthesis between the two, unifying the powers of the human person. Aquinas himself wrote many beautiful poems and hymns such as <i>Adoro Te Devote</i>, expressing through the beauty of poetry his spiritual convictions. Man delights in beautiful things for their own sake, though his delight is not a kind of delight that must be measured by moderation. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is true that a virtue is a mean between extremes according to Aquinas, based on the <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i> of Aristotle, but one would never speak of mediocrity in virtue as being good. There can be no excess of good or of virtue, only lack. In the same way, beauty is virtuous, for “if a thing is perceived to be beautiful as soon as it is apprehended, it is taken to be something becoming and good.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A saint is not honored for mediocrity in virtue, likewise, one should never pursue mediocrity in the pursuit of beauty, for “God is said to be beautiful, as being the cause of the harmony and clarity of the universe.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In the pursuit of beauty, man pursues virtue itself, given that “honesty is the same as virtue”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and “the honest is the same as the beautiful.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> To an extent, all of creation is beautiful because it shares in the beauty of the divine essence, a state known to the Greeks as <i>pankalia</i>, the beauty of all things. Beauty as implied by Aquinas is therefore transcendental, and is not only synonymous with honesty but with all of virtue, as well as being a pursuit of the entire human person, body and soul, and should be pursued relentlessly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Recalling that beauty results from the concurrence of clarity and due proportion, it is now fitting to analyze Aquinas’s understanding of proportion. “Beauty consists in due proportion; for the senses delight in things duly proportioned, as in what is after their own kind – because even sense is a sort of reason.”<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A thing may be proportionate in two ways. In the first way, a thing can be proportionate to itself, as an arm is proportionate to a body or the blade of a sword is proportionate to the weight of its guard. In the second sense, a thing may be proportionate to a rule or principal, as positioning keys in a flute in order to harness the laws of acoustical physics, or the development of a child’s body according to the dictates of their biology. In both terms, Aquinas cannot mean mathematical proportion, or else one could not possibly speak of spiritual beauty, which can be spoken of in either sense. Perhaps, then, his measure is not mathematical, but rather expresses adherence to some sort of metaphysical form. If this is so, then proportion means participation in the divine essence, for every form participates in the brilliance of God. The natural law and the supernatural law are operations of God’s Wisdom, and to the extent to which one adheres to the workings of Wisdom, one participates in the Divine Nature. Harmony, or consonance between different persons, things or ideas, also finds its root in the hierarchy of all things bending to the supremacy of God. In this manner, beauty is consistent with the second meaning of proportion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As stated above, beauty participates in the divine because God is Himself the source of all beauty. If beauty is indeed cognitive, then to pursue beauty is to pursue knowledge. This statement implies not just any knowledge, but knowledge of virtue and goodness, knowledge of wisdom, and finally knowledge of God. Because beauty concerns itself with being, or existence, it concerns itself with forms, and therefore concerns itself with proportion. What the meaning of beauty as proportion is in application, however, may be obscure; one must measure beauty in a thing specific to its nature. One would not judge the beauty of a painting based on the same criteria as one would judge the beauty of the female form. Rather, proportion is specific to the thing, idea or spiritual quality. In this way, beauty is consistent with the first sense of proportion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In conclusion, Aquinas’s condition that beauty be proportionate is nearly synonymous with his idea that beauty is that which pleases. Beauty is honest because it is proportionate, both with regard to itself and with regards to Divine Wisdom, and because it speaks with clarity about the nature and splendor of God. To be virtuous, or good, is to be beautiful, and therefore the virtuous life is appealing and desirable to the human person. To be honest also means to speak the truth, and therefore Aquinas sees a synthesis of truth, goodness and beauty. All of these are concerned with being and point directly to God who is Himself existence. Therefore, in the pursuit of beauty, one pursues God Himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <!--[endif]--> <div id="ftn1"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> St. Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologica</i>, vol. 3. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benzinger Bros, 1948), 1774-5</div></div><div id="ftn2"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid. 1774</div></div><div id="ftn3"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> St. Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologica</i>, vol. 1. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benzinger Bros, 1948), 26</div></div><div id="ftn4"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid. 26</div></div><div id="ftn5"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> St. Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologica</i>, vol. 3. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benzinger Bros, 1948), 1775</div></div><div id="ftn6"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid. 1774</div></div><div id="ftn7"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid. 1773</div></div><div id="ftn8"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid. 1774</div></div><div id="ftn9"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Katherine%20Bittner/My%20Documents/Ethics%20Essay%20Beauty.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> St. Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologica</i>, vol. 1. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benzinger Bros, 1948), 26</div></div></div>Music Teacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17341743990041168069noreply@blogger.com0